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There is a growing body of literature on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Surveys on Patient Safety Culture (SOPS). The purpose of this research reference list is to provide citations for articles published on the AHRQ safety culture surveys.
If you have published a research study using one of the SOPS surveys, please E-mail the citation to SafetyCultureSurveys@ahrq.hhs.gov.
This list of references is organized in the following categories:
Hospital SOPS
Use of Hospital SOPS
Adams-Pizarro I, Walker Z, Robinson J, et al. Using the AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture as an intervention tool for regional clinical improvement collaboratives. In: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, et al., eds. Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches. Vol. 2: Culture and Redesign. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; July 2008. AHRQ Publication No. 08-0034-2. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK43728/.
Blegen MA, Sehgal NL, Alldredge BK, et al. Improving safety culture on adult medical units through multidisciplinary teamwork and communication interventions: the TOPS Project. Qual Saf Health Care 2010;19:346-50.
Campbell EG, Singer S, Kitch BT, et al. Patient safety climate in hospitals: act locally on variation across units. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2010;36(7):319-26.
DuPree E, Anderson R, McEvoy MD, et al. Professionalism: a necessary ingredient in a culture of safety. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2011;37(1):447-55.
Edwards PJ, Scott T, Richardson P, et al. Using staff perceptions on patient safety as a tool for improving safety culture in a pediatric hospital system. J Patient Saf 2008;4(2):113-8.
Etchegaray JM, Thomas EJ. Comparing two safety culture surveys: Safety Attitudes Questionnaire and Hospital Survey on Patient Safety. BMJ Qual Saf 2012; doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000449.
Halbesleben JR, Wakefield BJ, Wakefield DS, et al. Nurse burnout and patient safety outcomes: nurse safety perception versus reporting behavior. West J Nurs Res 2008;30(5):560-77.
Hannah KL, Schade CP, Lomely DR, et al. Hospital administrative staff vs. nursing staff responses to the AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. In: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, et al., eds. Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches. Vol. 2: Culture and Redesign. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; July 2008. AHRQ Publication No. 08-0034-2. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK43704/.
Jones KJ, Skinner A, Xu L, et al. The AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture: A tool to plan and evaluate patient safety programs. In: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, et al., eds. Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches. Vol. 2: Culture and Redesign. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; July 2008. AHRQ Publication No. 08-0034-2. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK43699/.
Klingner J, Moscovice I, Tupper J, et al. Implementing patient safety initiatives in rural hospitals. J Rural Health 2009;25(4):352-7.
Leong P, Afrow J, Weber HP, et al. Attitudes toward patient safety standards in U.S. dental schools: a pilot study. J Dent Educ 2008;72(4):431-7.
Mayer CM, Cluff L, Lin W, et al. Evaluating efforts to optimize TeamSTEPPS implementation in surgical and pediatric intensive care units. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2011;37(8):365-74.
Moody RF, Pesut DJ, Harrington CF. Creating safety culture on nursing units: human performance and organizational system factors that make a difference. J Patient Saf 2006;2:198-206.
Occelli P, Quenon J, Hubert B, et al. Development of a safety culture: initial measurements of six hospitals in France. J Healthc Risk Manag 2011;30(4):42-47.
Scherer D, Fitzpatrick JJ. Perceptions of patient safety culture among physicians and RNs in the perioperative area. AORN J 2008;87:163-75.
Sine DM, Northcutt N. Interactive qualitative assessment of patient safety culture survey scores. J Patient Saf 2008;4(2):78-83.
Szekendi MK, Barnard C, Creamer J, et al. (2010). Using patient safety morbidity and mortality conferences to promote transparency and a culture of safety. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2010;36(1):3-9.
Tupper J, Coburn, A, Loux S, et al. Strategies for improving patient safety in small rural hospitals. In: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, et al., eds. Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches. Vol. 2: Culture and Redesign. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; July 2008. AHRQ Publication No. 08-0034-2. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK43729/.
Velji K, Baker GR, Fancott C, et al. Effectiveness of an adapted SBAR communication tool for a rehabilitation setting. Healthc Q 2008;11(3 Spec No.):72-79.
Vogelsmeier A, Scott-Cawiezell J, Miller B, et al. Influencing leadership perceptions of patient safety through just culture training. J Nurs Care Qual 2010;25(4):288-94.
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Psychometric Analyses
Blegen MA, Gearhart S, O'Brien R, et al. (2009) AHRQ's Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture: psychometric analyses. J Patient Saf 2009;5(3):139-44.
Bodur S, Filiz E. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture" and perception of patient safety in public hospitals in Turkey. BMC Health Serv Res 2010 Jan 28;10:28.
Hellings J, Schrooten W, Klazinga N, et al. (2007). Challenging patient safety culture: survey results. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2007;20(7):620-32.
Ito S, Seto K, Kigawa M, et al. Development and applicability of Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) in Japan. BMC Health Serv Res 2011;11:28. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-28.
Olsen E. Exploring the possibility of a common structural model measuring associations between safety climate factors and safety behaviour in health care and the petroleum sectors. Accid Anal Prev 2010;42(5):1507-16.
Olsen E. Reliability and validity of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture at a Norwegian hospital. In Øvretveit J and Sousa P, eds. Quality and safety improvement research: methods and research practice from the International Quality Improvement Research Network. Lisbon: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública; 2008. p. 173-86.
Pfeiffer Y, Manser T. Development of the German version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture: dimensionality and psychometric properties. Saf Sci 2010;48:1452-62.
Sarac C, Flin R, Mearns K, et al. Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture: psychometric analysis on a Scottish sample. BMJ Qual Saf 2011;20(10):842-8.
Smits M, Christiaans-Dingelhoff I, Wagner C, et al. The psychometric properties of the "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture" in Dutch hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res 2008 Nov 7;8:230.
Smits M, Wagner C, Spreeuwenberg P, et al. (2009) Measuring patient safety culture: an assessment of the clustering of responses at unit level and hospital level. Qual Saf Health Care 2009;18(4):292-96.
Sorra JS, Dyer N. Multilevel psychometric properties of the AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. BMC Health Serv Res 2010 Jul 8;10:199. Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/10/199 
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Waterson P, Griffiths P, Stride C, et al. (2010) Psychometric properties of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture: findings from the UK. Qual Saf Health Care 2010;19(5):e2.
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Analyses Linking the Survey to Outcome Data
Mardon RE, Khanna K, Sorra J, et al. Exploring relationships between hospital patient safety culture and adverse events. J Patient Saf 2010;6(4):226-32.
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International
Aiken LH, Sermeus W, Van den Heede K, et al. Patient safety, satisfaction, and quality of hospital care: cross sectional surveys of nurses and patients in 12 countries in Europe and the United States. BMJ Qual Saf 2012; 344:e1717. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e1717. [Multiple countries in Europe]
Aase K, Høyland S, Olsen E, et al. Patient safety challenges in a case study hospital—of relevance for transfusion processes? Transfus Apher Sci 2008;39(2):167-72. [Norway]
Al-Ahmadi TA. Measuring patient safety culture in Riyadh's hospitals: a comparison between public and private hospitals. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2009;84(5-6):479-500. [Saudi Arabia]
Alahmadi HA. (2010). Assessment of patient safety culture in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Qual Saf Health Care 2010 Oct;19(5):e17. [Saudi Arabia]
Bagnasco A, Tibaldi L, Chirone P, et al. Patient safety culture: an Italian experience. J Clin Nurs 2011;20:1188-95. [Italy]
Bodur S, Filiz E. A survey on patient safety culture in primary healthcare services in Turkey. Int J Qual Health Care 2009;21(5):348-55. [Turkey]
Chen IC, Li HH. Measuring patient safety culture in Taiwan using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC). BMC Health Serv Res 2010 Jun 7;10:152. [Taiwan]
Chevalier BA, Parker DS, MacKinnon NJ, et al. Nurses' perceptions of medication safety and medication reconciliation practices. Nurs Leadersh 2006;19(3):61-72. [Canada]
El-Jardali F, Dimassi H, Jamal D, et al. Predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture in hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res 2011 Feb 24;11:45. [Lebanon]
El-Jardali F, Jaafar M, Dimassi H, et al. The current state of patient safety culture in Lebanese hospitals: a study at baseline. Int J Qual Health Care 2010 Oct; 22(5):386-95. [Lebanon]
Hellings J, Schrooten W, Klazinga NS, et al. Improving patient safety culture. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2010;23(5):489-506. [Belgium]
Kim J, An K, Kim MK, et al. Nurses' perceptions of error reporting and patient safety culture in Korea. West J Nurs Res 2007;29(7):827-44. [Korea]
Mannion R, Konteh FH, Davies HTO. Assessing organisational culture for quality and safety improvement: a national survey of tools and tool use. Qual Saf Health Care 2009;18(2):153-6. [United Kingdom]
Mohammadreza A, Sogand T, Omid B. Measuring safety culture and setting priorities for action at an Iranian hospital. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2010;3(3):237-45. [Iran]
Murphy J, Hignett S, Griffiths P, et al. Measuring patient safety culture in a UK NHS hospital with an American assessment tool. In: Bust PD, ed. Contemporary ergonomics 2007: Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Ergonomics (CE2007), 17-19 April 2007, Nottingham UK. London: CRC Press; 2007. p. 445-50. [United Kingdom]
Olsen E, Aase K. A comparative study of safety climate differences in healthcare and the petroleum industry. Qual Saf Health Care 2010;19 Suppl 3:i75-79. [Norway]
Snijders C, Kollen BJ, van Lingen RA, et al. Which aspects of safety culture predict incident reporting behavior in neonatal intensive care units? A multilevel analysis. Crit Care Med 2009;37(1):61-67. [Netherlands]
van Noord I, de Bruijne MC, Twisk JWR. The relationship between patient safety culture and the implementation of organizational patient safety defences at emergency departments. Int J Qual Health Care 2010; 22:162-9. [Netherlands]
Vlayen A, Hellings J, Claes N, et al. A nationwide Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture in Belgian hospitals: setting priorities at the launch of a 5-year patient safety plan. BMJ Qual Saf 2011 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print] [Belgium]
Zhu J, Li L, Li Y, et al. What constitutes patient safety culture in Chinese hospitals? Int J Qual Health Care 2012 Mar;29:1-8. [China]
Cross-references to citations previously listed:
- Use of Hospital SOPS:
- Psychometric Analyses:
- Bodur S, Filiz E (2010)
- Hellings J, Schrooten W, Klazinga N, et al. (2007)
- Ito S, Seto K, Kigawa M, et al. (2011)
- Olsen E. (2010)
- Olsen E. (2008)
- Pfeiffer Y, Manser T. (2010)
- Sarac C, Flin R, Mearns K, et al. (2011)
- Smits M, Christiaans-Dingelhoff I, Wagner C, et al. (2008)
- Smits M, Wagner C, Spreeuwenberg P, et al. (2009)
- Waterson P, Griffiths P, Stride C, et al. (2010)
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Medical Office SOPS
Use of Medical Office SOPS
Hagopian B, Singer ME, Curry-Smith AC, et al. Better medical office safety culture is not associated with better scores on quality measures. J Patient Saf 2012;8(1):15-21.
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Nursing Home SOPS
Adaptation of Hospital SOPS for Nursing Homes
Bonner AF, Castle NG, Men A, et al. Certified nursing assistants' perceptions of nursing home patient safety culture: is there a relationship to clinical outcomes? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009;10(1):11-20.
Bonner AF, Castle NG, Perera S, et al. Patient safety culture: a review of the nursing home literature and recommendations for practice. Ann Longterm Care 2008;16(3):18-22.
Castle NG. Nurse aides' ratings of the resident safety culture in nursing homes. Int J Qual Health Care 2006;18(5):370-6.
Castle NG, Sonon KE. A culture of patient safety in nursing homes. Qual Saf Health Care 2006;15(6):405-8.
Castle NG, Handler S, Engberg J, et al. Nursing home administrators' opinions of the resident safety culture in nursing homes. Health Care Manage Rev 2007;32(1):66-76.
Handler SM, Castle NG, Studenski SA, et al. Patient safety culture assessment in the nursing home. Qual Saf Health Care 2006;15(6):400-4.
Hughes CM, Lapane KL. Nurses' and nursing assistants' perceptions of patient safety culture in nursing homes. Int J Qual Health Care 2006;18(4):281-6.
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Use of Nursing Home SOPS
Anderson T, Silveira C, Woodland R, et al. Promoting and regulating safe medication administration in nursing homes. J Nurs Reg 2011;2(1):53-58.
Castle NG, Wagner LM, Perera S, et al. Assessing resident safety culture in nursing homes: using the Nursing Home Survey on Resident Safety. J Patient Saf 2010;6(2):59-67.
Wagner LM, McDonald SM, Castle NG. Relationship between nursing home safety culture and Joint Commission accreditation. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2012;38(5):207-15.
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Reviews of Instruments (mention SOPS)
Clancy CM, Farquhar MB, Sharp BAC. Patient safety in nursing practice. J Nurs Care Qual 2005;20(3):193-7.
Clancy CM. What is your organization's patient safety culture? Patient Saf Qual Healthcare 2011 Mar/Apr. Available at www.psqh.com/marchapril-2011/796-arqh.html.
Clancy CM. Safety culture creates better care for patients. Navigating the Health Care System: advice columns from Dr. Carolyn Clancy. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, May 3, 2011. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/consumer/cc/cc050311.htm.
Colla JB, Bracken AC, Kinney LM, et al. Measuring patient safety climate: a review of surveys. Qual Saf Health Care 2005;14(5):364-6.
Fleming M. Patient safety culture measurement and improvement: a "how to" guide. Healthc Q 2005;8 Spec No:14-9.
Flin R, Burns C, Mearns K, et al. Measuring safety climate in health care. Qual Saf Health Care 2006;15(2):109-15.
Palmieri PA, Peterson LT, Pesta BJ, et al. Safety culture as a contemporary healthcare construct: theoretical review, research assessment, and translation to human resource management. In: Savage GT, Khatri N, Fottler MD, eds. Advances in Health Care Management. Vol. 9.). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing; 2010. p. 97-133.
Reiman T, Pietikäinen E, Oedewald P. Multilayered approach to patient safety culture. Qual Saf Health Care 2010;19(5):e20.
Singla AK, Kitch BT, Weissman JS. Assessing patient safety culture: a review and synthesis of the measurement tools. J Patient Saf 2006;2(3):105-15.
Cross-references to citations previously listed:
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Current as of May 2012
Internet Citation:
Surveys on Patient Safety Culture Research Reference List. May 2012. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/patientsafetyculture/sopsrefs.htm
540 Gaither Road Rockville, MD 20850 