References
1. Magee
MS, Walden CE, Benedetti TJ, Knopp RH. Influence of diagnostic criteria on the
incidence of gestational diabetes and perinatal morbidity. JAMA 1993;269:609-15.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical
management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. No. 30, September 2001. Obstet
Gynecol 2001;98:525-38.
3. Solomon
CG , Willet WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants
of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1997;278:1078-83.
4. Marquette
GP, Klein VR, Niebyl JR. Efficacy of screening for gestational diabetes. Am
J Perinatol 1985;2:7-9.
5. Moses
RG, Moses J, Davis WS. Gestational diabetes: do lean young Caucasian women need
to be tested? Diabetes Care 1998;21:1803-6.
6. Hunter
DJS. Diabetes in pregnancy. In: Iain
Chalmers, Murray Enkin, Marc J.N.C. Keirse, eds. Effective
Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Toronto: Oxford University Press; 1989:578-93.
7. Hoffman
L, Nolan C, Wilson JD, Oats JJ, Simmons D. Gestational diabetes mellitus:
management guidelines. The Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society. Med J
Austral 1998;169:93-7.
8. Oats
JJ. Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
Overview and commentary on first session. Diabetes Care 1998;21:B58-9.
9. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
Screening for diabetes mellitus. In: Guide
to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd. ed. Washington, DC: Office of Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion, U.S. Government Printing Office;
1996:193-208.
10. American
Diabetes Association. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2002;25 (suppl 1):S94-6.
11. Canadian
Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Screening for gestational
diabetes mellitus. Can Med Assoc J 1992;147:435-43.
12. Wilkins-Haug
L, Horton JA, Cruess DF, Frigoletto FD. Antepartum screening in the
office-based practice: findings from the collaborative ambulatory research
network. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:483-9.
13. American College
of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Diabetes and Pregnancy. Washington, DC. American College
of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Technical Bulletin No. 200 1994.
14. Harris
RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al. Current
methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med 2001;2
(suppl 3):21-35.
15. Brody
S, Harris RP, Krasnov C, Lohr KN, Sutton S, Whitener L. Screening for
Gestational Diabetes. Systematic
Evidence Review. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality.
16. Sacks
DA, Greenspoon JS, Abu-Fadil S, Henry HM, Wolde-Tsadik G , Yao JFF. Toward universal criteria for
gestational diabetes: the 75-gram glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 1995;172:607-14.
17. Sermer
M, Naylor DC, Gare DJ, et al. Impact of
increasing carbohydrate intolerance on maternal-fetal outcomes in 3637 women
without gestational diabetes: The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes
Project. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:146-56.
18. Langer
O, Levy J, Brustman L, Anyaegbunam A, Merkatz R, Divon M. Glycemic control in
gestational diabetes mellitus—how tight is tight enough: small for
gestational age vs. large for gestational age? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:646-53.
19. Naylor
CD. Diagnosing gestational diabetes: is the gold standard valid? Diabetes
Care 1989;12:565-72.
20. Garner
P, Okun N, Keely E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of strict glycemic
control and tertiary level obstetric care versus routine obstetric care in the
management of gestational diabetes: a pilot study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:190-5.
21. O'Sullivan
JB, Gellis SS, Dandrow RV, Tenney BO. The potential diabetic and her treatment
in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1966;27:683-9.
22. Naylor
CD, Sermer M, Chen E, Sykora K. Cesarean delivery in relation to birth weight
and gestational glucose tolerance: pathophysiology or practice style? Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes
Investigators. JAMA 1996;275:1165-70.
23. Lu
G, Rouse D, Dubard M, Cliver S. The impact of lower threshold values for the
detection of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:S44.
24. Beischer
NA, Wein P, Sheedy MT, Steffen B. Identification and
treatment of women with hyperglycaemia diagnosed during pregnancy can
significantly reduce perinatal mortality rates. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;36:239-47.
25. Pettitt
DJ, Knowler WC, Baird HR, Bennett PH. Gestational diabetes: infant and maternal
complications of pregnancy in relation to third-trimester glucose tolerance in
Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 1980;3:458-64.
26. Adams
KM, Li H, Nelson RL, Ogburn PL Jr, Danilenko-Dixon DR. Sequelae of unrecognized
gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:1321-32.
27. Li DFH, Wong VCW, O'Hoy KMKY, Ma HK. Is
treatment needed for mild impairment of glucose in pregnancy? A randomized
controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:851-4.
28. Gross
TL, Sokol RJ, Williams T, Thompson K. Shoulder dystocia: a fetal-physician
risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:1408-18.
29. Kjos
SL, Schaefer-Graf U, Sardesi S, et al. A randomized controlled trial using
glycemic plus fetal ultrasound parameters versus glycemic parameters to
determine insulin therapy in gestational diabetes with fasting hyperglycemia. Diabetes
Care 2001;24:1904-10.
30. Lipscomb
KR, Gregory K, Shaw K. The outcome of macrosomic infants weighing at least 4500
grams: Los
Angeles
County + University of Southern California experience. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:558-64.
31. Berard
J, Dufour P, Vinatier D, et al. Fetal macrosomia: risk factors and outcome. A
study of the outcome concerning 100 cases >4500 g. Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 1998;77:51-9.
32. Morrison
JC, Sanders JR, Magann EF, Wiser WL. The diagnosis and management of dystocia
of the shoulder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992;175:515-22.
33. Hardy
AE. Birth injuries of the brachial plexus: incidence and prognosis. J Bone
Joint Surg Br 1981;63-B:98-101.
34. Ventura
SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: final
data for 1998. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2000;48:1-100.
35. Perlow
JH, Wigton T, Hart J, Strassner HT, Nageotte MP, Wolk BM. Birth trauma. A
five-year review of incidence and associated perinatal factors. J Reprod Med
19 96;41:754-60.
36. Oppenheim
WL, Davis A, Growdon WA, Dorey FJ, Davlin LB. Clavicle
fractures in the newborn. Clin Orthop 1990;250:176-80.
37. Chez
RA, Carlan S, Greenberg SL, Spellacy WN. Fractured clavicle is an unavoidable
event. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:797-8.
38. Xiong
X, Saunders LD, Wang FL, Demianczuk NN. Gestational diabetes
mellitus: prevalence, risk factors, maternal and infant outcomes. Int J
Gynaecol Obstet 2001;75:221-8.
39. Svare
JA, Hansen BB, Molsted-Pedersen L. Perinatal complications in women with
gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta
Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001;80:899-904.
40. Langer
O. Management of gestational diabetes. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2000;43:106-15.
41. Langer
O. Maternal glycemic criteria for insulin therapy in gestational diabetes
mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998;21(suppl 2):B91-8.
42. Langer
O, Conway D, Berkus M, Xenakis E, Gonzales O. A comparison of glyburide and
insulin on women with gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1134-8.
43. Ogata
E. Perinatal morbidity in offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes Rev 1995;3:652-7.
44. Hod
M, Rabinerson D, Peled Y. Gestational diabetes mellitus: is it a clinical
entity? Diabetes Reviews 1995;3:602-13.
45. Whitaker
RC, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Wright JA, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the risk
of offspring obesity. Pediatrics 1998;101:E9.
46. Beischer
NA, Wein P, Sheedy MT, Werther GA, Gold H. Maternal glucose tolerance
and obstetric complications in pregnancies in which the offspring developed
type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1994;17:832-4.
47. Vohr
BR, McGarvey ST, Tucker R. Effects of maternal gestational diabetes on
offspring adiposity at 4-7 years of age. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1284-91.
48. Persson
B, Gentz J, Moller E. followup of children of insulin dependent (type I) and
gestational diabetic mothers. Growth pattern, glucose tolerance, insulin
response, and HLA types. Acta Paediatr Scand 1984;73:778-84.
49. Lu
GC, Rouse DJ, Dubard M, Cliver S, Kimberlin D, Hauth JC. The effect of the
increasing prevalence of maternal obesity on perinatal morbidity. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:845-9.
50. Rouse
DJ, Owen J. Prophylactic cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by
means of ultrasonography: A Faustian bargain? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:332-8.
51. Mondalou
HD, Dorchester WL, Thorosian A, Freeman RK.
Macrosomia: maternal, fetal, and neonatal implications. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:420-4.
52. Spellacy
WN, Miller S, Winegar A, Peterson PQ. Macrosomia: maternal
characteristics and infant complications. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:158-61.
53. Menticoglou
SM, Manning FA, Morrison I, Harman CR. Must macrosomic fetuses be delivered by
cesarean section? A review of outcome for 786 babies greater than or equal to
4,500 grams. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;32:100-3.
54. Lazer
S, Biale Y, Mazor M, Lewenthal H, Insler V. Complications associated with the
macrosomic fetus. J Reprod Med 1986;31:501-5.
55. Jensen
DM, Sorensen B, Feilberg-Jorgensen N, Westergaardt JG, Beck-Neilsen H. Maternal
and perinatal outcomes in 143 Danish women with gestational diabetes mellitus
and 143 controls with a similar risk profile. Diabet Med 2000;17:281-6.
56. Schaffir
JA, Lockwood CJ, Lapinski R, Yoon L, Alvarez M. Incidence of pregnancy-induced
hypertension among gestational diabetics. Am J Perinatol 1995;12:252-4.
57. Suhonen
L, Teramo K. Hypertension and pre-eclampsia in women with gestational glucose
intolerance. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1993;72:269-72.
58. Nachum
Z, Ben-Shlomo I, Weiner E, Shalev E. Twice daily versus four times daily
insulin dose regimens for diabetes in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ
19 99;319:1223-7.
59. de
Veciana M, Major CA, Morgan MA, et al. Postprandial versus preprandial blood glucose
monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus requiring insulin
therapy. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1237-41.
60. Persson
B, Strangenberg M, Hansson U, Norlander E. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
comparative evaluation of two treatment regimens, diet versus insulin and diet.
Diabetes 1985;11:101-5.
61. Naylor
C.D., Sermer M, Chen E, Farine D. Selective screening for gestational diabetes
mellitus. Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes
Project Investigators. New Engl J Med 1997;337:1591-6.
62. O'Sullivan
JB. Diabetes mellitus after GDM. Diabetes 1991;40:131-5.
63. Harris
R, Donahue K, Rathore S, Frame P, Woolf S, Lohr KN. Screening adults for type 2
diabetes: a review of the evidence for
the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality.
64. World
Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes
Mellitus and Its Complications. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1999.
65. National
Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and
other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979;28:1039-57.
66. American
Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2002;25:S94-6.
67. Metzger
BE, Coustan DR. Summary and recommendations of the Fourth International
Workshop- Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The Organizing
Committee. Diabetes Care 1998;21(suppl 2):B161-7.
68. Deerochanawong
C, Putiyanun C, Wongsuryrat M, Serirat S, Jinayon P. Comparison of National
Diabetes Data Group and World Health Organization criteria for detecting
gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1996;39:1070-3.
69. Pettitt
DJ, Bennett PH, Hanson RL, Narayan KMV, Knowler WC. Comparison of World Health
Organization and National Diabetes Data Group procedures to detect
abnormalities of glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Diabetes Care 1994;17:1264-8.
70. Coustan
DR. Screening and testing for gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol
Clin North Am 1996;23:125-36.
71. Moses RG, Griffiths RD.
Can a diagnosis of gestational diabetes be an advantage to the outcome of
pregnancy? J Society Gynecol Investi 1995;2:523-5.
72. Conway
DL, Langer O. Elective delivery of infants with macrosomia in diabetic women:
reduced shoulder dystocia versus increased cesarean deliveries. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 1998;178:922-5.
73. Harlass
FE, Brady K, Read JA. Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in
pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:564-8.
74. McDonald
GW, Fisher GF, Burnham C. Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes
19 65;14:473-80.
75. Troxler
RG, Trabal JF, Malcolm CL. Interpretation of an abnormal glucose tolerance test
encountered during multiphasic laboratory screening. Aviat Space Environ Med
19 75;46:729-35.
76. Olefsky
JM, Reaven GM. Insulin and glucose responses to identical oral glucose
tolerance tests performed forty-eight hours apart. Diabetes 1974;23:449-53.
77. Carpenter
MW, Coustan DR. Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:768-73.
78. Sermer
M, Naylor CD, Gare DJ, et al. Impact of time since last meal on the gestational
glucose challenge test. The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes
Project. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:607-16.
79. Landon MB, Gabbe ST,
Sachs L. Management of diabetes mellitus and pregnancy: a survey of
obstetricians and maternal-fetal specialists. Obstet Gynecol 1978;51:306-10.
80. Bancroft
K, Tuffnell DJ, Mason GC, Rogerson LJ, Mansfield M. A randomised controlled pilot
study of the management of gestational impaired glucose tolerance. Br J
Obstet Gynecol 2000;107:959-63.
81. Li
DF, Wong VC, O'Hoy KM, Yeung CY, Ma HK. Is treatment needed for mild impairment
of glucose tolerance in pregnancy? A randomized controlled trial. Br J
Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:851-4.
82. Langer
O, Anyaegbunam A, Brustman L, Divon M. Management of women with one abnormal
oral glucose tolerance test value reduces adverse outcome in pregnancy. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:593-9.
83. Buchanan
TS, Kjos SL, Montoro MN, et al. Use of fetal ultrasound to
select metabolic therapy for pregnancies complicated by mild gestational
diabetes. Diabetes Care 1994;17:275-83.
84. Walkinshaw
S. Dietary regulation for 'gestational diabetes'. 2000. Cochrane Database of
Systemic Reviews 2000;(2):CD000070.
85. Langer
O, Rodriguez DA, Xenakis EM, McFarland MB, Berkus MD, Arrendondo F. Intensified
versus conventional management of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol
19 94;170:1036-46; discussion 1046-7.
86. Drexel
H, Bichler A, Sailer S, et al. Prevention of perinatal morbidity by tight
metabolic control in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1988;11:761-8.
87. Langer
O, Brustman L, Anyaegbunam A, Mazze R. The significance of one abnormal glucose
tolerance test value on adverse outcome in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:758-63.
88. Shushan
A, Ezra Y, Samueloff A. Early treatment of gestational diabetes reduces the
rate of fetal macrosomia. Am J Perinatol 1997;14:253-6.
89. Kalkhoff
RK. Therapeutic results of insulin therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes
19 85;34 Suppl 2:97-100.
90. Coustan
DR, Imarah J. Prophylactic insulin treatment of gestational diabetes reduces
the incidence of macrosomia, operative delivery, and birth trauma. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 1984;150:836-42.
91. Gyves
MT, Rodman HM, Little AB, Fanaroff AA, Merkatz IR. A modern approach to
management of pregnant diabetics: a two-year analysis of perinatal outcomes. Am
J Obstet Gynecol 19 77;128:606-16.
92. Landon
MB, Gabbe SG. Antepartum fetal surveillance in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes
19 85;34(suppl 2):50-4.
93. Girz
BA, Divon MY, Merkatz IR. Sudden fetal death in women with well-controlled,
intensively monitored gestational diabetes. J Perinatol 1992;12:229-33.
94. Kjos
SL, Leung A, Henry OA. Antepartum surveillance in diabetic pregnancies:
predictors of fetal distress in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1532-9.
95. Johnson
JM, Lange IR, Harman CR, Torchia MG, Manning FA. Biophysical profile scoring in
the management of the diabetic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:841-6.
96. Rossi
G, Somigliana E, Moschetta M, Bottani B, Barbieri M, Vignali M. Adequate timing
fetal ultrasound to guide metabolic therapy in mild gestational diabetes
mellitus. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:649-54.
97. Kerbel
D, Glazier R, Holzapfel S, Yeung M, Lofsky S. Adverse effects of screening for
gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study in Toronto, Canada. J Med Screen 1997;4:128-32.
98. Sjogren
B, Robeus N, Hansson U. Gestational diabetes: a case-control study of women's
experience of pregnancy, health and the child. J Psychosomatic Res 1994;38:815-22.
99. Langer
N, Langer O. Emotional adjustment to diagnosis and intensified treatment of
gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:329-34.
100. Spirito
A, Williams C, Ruggiero L, Bond A, McGarvey ST, Coustan D. Psychological impact
of the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:562-6.
101. Feig
DS, Chen E, Naylor CD. Self-perceived health status of women three to five
years after the diagnosis of gestational diabetes: A survey of cases and
matched controls. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:386-93.
102. Knopp
RH, Magee MS, Raisys V, Benedetti T, Bonet B. Hypocaloric diets and ketogenesis
in the management of obese gestational diabetic women. J Am Coll Nutr 1991;10:649-67.
103. Kolderup
LB, Laros RK Jr, Musci TJ. Incidence of persistent birth injury in macrosomic
infants: association with mode of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:37-41.
104. Hatem
M, Dennis KJ. A random plasma glucose method for screening abnormal glucose
tolerance in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:213-6.
Return to Contents
Notes
Author Affiliations
[a] Brody: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University
of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
[b] Harris: Cecil G.
Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
[c] Lohr: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina and UNC School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC.
Copyright and Source Information
This document is in the public domain within the United States.
For information on reprinting, contact Randie Siegel, Director, Division of
Printing and Electronic Publishing, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,
Suite 501, 2101 East Jefferson Street, Rockville, MD 20852.
Requests for
linking or to incorporate content in electronic resources should be sent to: info@ahrq.gov
Source: Brody SC, Harris RH, Lohr K.
Screening for gestational diabetes: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:380-92.
Return to Contents
Current as of February 2003
Internet Citation:
Brody SC, Harris RH, Lohr K. Screening for Gestational Diabetes: A Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. February 2003. Originally in Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:393-95. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/gdm/gdmsum.htm