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Appendix Figure 2. Selection of Articles for Screening for Prostate Cancer

Key Question 1: Efficacy of Screening (Direct Evidence)
RCTs and Case-Control Studies

Key Question 1--Efficacy of Screening (direct evidence)--RCTs and Case-control studies: Articles from Medline and other searches (n=100)--Articles excluded: not RCTs or case-control studies (n=97); Articles retrieved for detailed evaluation (n=3).

Key Question 1: Efficacy of Screening (Ecologic Studies)

Key Question 1--Efficacy of Screening (ecologic studies): Articles from Medline and other searches (n=1,399)--Articles excluded: no high quality incidence data; no correlation with screening rates; no high quality mortality data (n=1,384); Articles retrieved for detailed evaluation (n=15).

Key Question 2: Yield of Screening Tests

Key Question 2--Yield of Screening Tests: Articles from Medline and other searches (n=1,905)--Articles excluded: not population-based, no valid gold standard, not prostate cancer (n=1,870); Articles retrieved for detailed evaluation (n=35).

Key Questions 3-6: Health Outcomes of Treatment

Key Questions 3-6--Health Outcomes of Treatment: Articles from Medline and other searches (n=656)--Articles excluded: not RCT, not prostate cancer, inappropriate population (n=653); Articles retrieved for detailed evaluation (n=3).

Key Questions 7: Harms of Treatment

Key Questions 7--Harms of Treatment: Articles from Medline and other searches (n=923)--Articles excluded: no valid self-reports, no comparison with untreated men or with treated men before treatment, selected population (n=891); Articles retrieved for detailed evaluation (n=32).

Key Questions 8: Costs/Cost-Effectiveness of Screening

Key Questions 8--Costs/Cost-Effectiveness of Screening: Articles from Medline and other searches (n=84)--Articles excluded: not prostate cancer screening, selected population, no description of methods (n=82); Articles retrieved for detailed evaluation (n=2).

Key Questions 9: Harms of Screening

Key Questions 9--Harms of Screening: Articles from Medline and other searches (n=94)--Articles excluded: not prostate cancer screening, no valid measurement of psychological or physical harm (n=93); Articles retrieved for detailed evaluation (n=1).

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