Appendix Table 1. Summary of Cohort Studies Evidence
| Cancer |
Vitamin A |
Beta-carotene |
Vitamin C |
Vitamin E |
Multi-vitamins
containing
folic acid |
| Lung Cancer |
No effect in men and women (LWS) |
No data |
No effect in men and women (LWS) |
Trend toward benefit but NS (LWS, HPFS) |
No data |
| Breast Cancer |
Four studies show NS RR estimates of 0.7-1.0; pooled analysis suggests possible
benefit (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.62-0.97). |
No data |
No effect shown in 4 studies
(pooled OR.98; 95% CI 0.85-1.14)
Harm shown in 1 study (OR 1.46) |
4 studies show no effect |
No effect overall (NHS) but reduced incidence in women who consumed >15
g/d of alcohol (NHS) |
| Prostate Cancer |
No effect (LWS) |
No data |
No effect (LWS) |
|
No data |
| Colon Cancer |
Benefit in women (LWS, IWHS) |
No data |
No effect (LWS, IWHS) |
|
Lower incidence observed after 15 years in women (RR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.13 to
0.51) (NHS) |
| Bladder Cancer |
No effect (LWS) |
No data |
Benefit (LWS) |
|
No data |
Note: NS indicates not statistically significant;
RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; LWS, Leisure World Study; NHS,
Nurses Health Study; Iowa Women's Health Study; HPFS, Health Professionals
Follow-up Study.
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