Table 2. Overweight and Obesity Associated Risk Factors in Children And Adolescents
| Risk Factor |
Population Source (Number) |
Age/Race- Ethnicity/Gender |
Level of Overweight
(percentile of BMI for age and sex if given) |
Prevalence % |
Reference Cited in Source Bibliography |
| Impaired glucose tolerance |
| Impaired glucose tolerance |
Obesity clinic
N=55 |
Multi-ethnic boys and girls
-ages 4-10 years |
> 95 | 25 |
Sinha,
200224
|
Obesity clinic
N=112 |
Multi-ethnic boys and girls
-ages 11-18 years |
> 95 | 21 |
Sinha,
200224
|
| Hyperinsulinemia |
| (Insulin levels above the 95%ile) |
Bogalusa Heart Study |
Black and white boys and girls aged 5-10 years |
< 95
95-97
> 97 |
< 4
10
27 |
Freedman, 200225
|
| Metabolic Syndrome |
| Hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, hyperinsulinemia |
NHANES |
Adolescent boys and girls aged 12-19 years |
< 85
85-95
> 95 |
0.1
6.8
28.7 |
Cook,
200326
|
| With at least three of: SBP or DBP > 95%ile, triglycerides > 95%ile, 2 hr. GTT > 140 mg/dl, BMI z score > 2.0 (97%ile), HDL cholesterol < 5%ile |
Obese sample
N=439
|
41% white, 31% black, 27% Hispanic
-ages 4-20 years. |
-z-score 2-2.5
-z-score >2.5 |
38.7
49.7 overall
(39 in blacks)
|
Weiss,
200427
|
| Hypertension |
| Hypertension |
Population based |
Multiethnic boys and girls
-ages 5-11 |
Obese |
Up to 30 |
Figueroa-Colon, 199729
|
| Hypertension |
Muscatine Heart Study (>6600) |
5-18 years |
Community distribution |
1 (60% of these had relative wt >120%) |
Dietz, 199828
|
| Increased systolic blood pressure measures >95%ile |
Bogalusa Heart Study |
Black and white boys and girls aged 5-10 years |
< 95
95-97
> 97 |
2-7
12
22 |
Freedman, 200225
|
| Increased diastolic blood pressure >95%ile |
Bogalusa Heart Study |
Black and white boys and girls aged 5-10 years |
< 95
95-97
> 97 |
2-7
9
14 |
Freedman, 200225
|
| Dyslipidemia |
| LDL cholesterol
> 130 mg/dl |
Bogalusa Heart Study |
Black and white boys and girls aged 5-10 years |
< 85
85-94
95-97
> 97 |
8-10 across all percentiles
18
12
23 |
Freedman, 200225
|
| HDL cholesterol
< 35 mg/dl |
Bogalusa Heart Study |
Black and white boys and girls aged 5-10 years |
< 85
85-94
95-97
> 97 |
5-8 & non-linear
8
7
18 |
Freedman, 200225
|
| TG levels > 130 mg/dl |
Bogalusa Heart Study |
Black and white boys and girls aged 5-10 years |
< 85
85-94
95-97
> 97 |
2-6
10
10
21 |
Freedman, 200225
|
Note: Risk factors discussed in reviews without reporting prevalence: Menstrual disorders, polycystic ovarian syndrome, early maturation (girls), late maturation (boys).
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