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Table 2. Number of Drugs in Full-Course Antiretroviral Regimens and Risk for Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infectiona

Antiretroviral Regimen Comparison Risk for Mother-to-Child Transmission Study, Year (Reference) Type of Study Confounders Included in Logistic Models (Observational Studies)
Zidovudine alone (complete PACTG 076) vs. placebo Relative risk, 0.32 (95% CI, 0.18–0.59) Connor, et al., 199485 Randomized, controlled trial Not applicable
  Adjusted OR, 0.12 (95% CI, 0.05–0.30) Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children, 200288 Prospective cohort study Mode of delivery, method of feeding, infant sex, gestational age, mother's category of exposure to HIV, whether mother was from an HIV-1-endemic area, maternal clinical condition at delivery, parity, and twinship
1 or 2 antiretroviral agents vs. no antiretroviral agents Adjusted OR, 0.49 (95% CI, 0.31–0.76) European Collaborative Study, 200589 Prospective cohort study Mode of delivery, prematurity, and maternal CD4 cell count
>2 antiretroviral agents vs. no antiretroviral agents Adjusted OR, 0.07 (95% CI, 0.02–0.23) Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children, 200288 Prospective cohort study Listed elsewhere in table
HAART vs. no antiretroviral agents Adjusted OR, 0.13 (95% CI, 0.06–0.27) European Collaborative Study, 200589 Prospective cohort study Listed elsewhere in table
>2 antiretroviral agents vs. zidovudine alone Adjusted OR, 0.22 (95% CI, 0.10–0.59) Mandelbrot, et al., 200190 Cohort study with historical controls Mode of delivery, presence of advanced maternal HIV-1 disease, and previous antiretroviral therapy
  Adjusted OR, 0.30 (95% CI, 0.09–1.02) Cooper, 200282 Prospective cohort study Number of pregnancy visits during therapy, maternal CD4 cell count, duration of membrane rupture, mode of delivery, infant birthweight, neonatal antiretroviral therapy, maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA level at delivery, hard drug use during pregnancy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention class C events, infant gestational age, and antiretroviral use before pregnancy
HAART vs. zidovudine alone Adjusted OR, 0.27 (95% CI, 0.08–0.94) Cooper, et al., 200282 Prospective cohort study Listed elsewhere in table

aHAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy; OR = odds ratio.

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