Andersson, 2001

6,571

78 D or I^a

Breech

3.72

D or I: 3.89%

D or I : 12.8%

Fair

13 Treated

11.08

Treated: 1.56%

Treated: 30%

Artz, 1975

23408

312

Breech

6.35

6.64%

22.10%

Fair

First Born

1.31

1.71%

68%

Female

4.15

2.15%

79.50%

Bache, 2002

29,323

2340 based on screening; exam 92 treated

Breech

1.95, 4.14^b

7.8%, 1.3%^b

27%

Good

Family History

3.4, 3.8^b

13.4%, 1.2%^b

7.60%

Female

1.7, 1.9^b

6.6%, 0.59%^b

91%

Breech Female

2.8, 6.6^b

11.0%, 2.0%^b

14%

Family History and Female

5.1, 3.7^b

20.2%, 1.2%^b

2.2%

Birth Weight > 4 kg

1.6, 1.8^b

6.1%, .54%^b

NR

Boere-Boonekamp, 1998

1,968

72

Breech

1.35

5.00%

4.2%

Fair

Family History

2.59

9.6%

11.1%

Boeree, 1994

26,952

118

Breech

6.98

3.0%

10.2%

Fair

Family History

24.9

10.7%

20.8%

Foot Deformity

4.42

1.90%

2.5%

Goss, 2002

5,166

100

Breech

5.2

10.1%

24%

Fair

Family History

NR

NR

25%

Female

3.3

6.4%

77%

Holen, 1996

408

25

Breech

5.55

6.1%

NR

Fair

Jones, 1989

3289

51

Breech

4.97

7.7%

11.8%

Fair

Family History

10.8

16.7%

5.9%

Miranda, 1988

49,937

317

Breech

4.72

NR

17.4%

Fair

First born

1.29

NR

53.0%

Female

1.67

NR

81.1%

Sahin, 2004

5,798

10

Breech

NA

<1%
(1/111) overall

10% overall

Fair

Family history

NA

Muscle/skeletal deformity

NA

Swaddling

NA

Walter, 1992

1,772

8

Breech

8.24 overall

4.12% overall

5% overall

Fair

Family history

Postural abnormalities

Oligohydramnios

^aD or I = dislocated or dislocatable.
^b = Ultrasound positive, Treated