Screening for Elevated Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy: Updated Summary of Evidence, Table 6

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Table 6. Summary of Nutrition Interventions

Studies	Ascorbic Acid	Calcium	Calories	Carbo- hydrates	Fat	Ferritin	Folate	Folate (serum)	Iron	Multiple, Not Described	Phos- phorus	Protein	Pyri- doxine	Supple- ments	Thiamine	Vitamin D	Zinc
Randomized Controlled Trials
Dalton 1997⁸⁸	-	NS	-	-	-	-	-	-	NS	-	NS	-	-	-	-	-	-
Markowitz 2004⁸⁹	-	NS	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sargent 1999⁹⁰	-	NS	-	-	-	-	-	-	NS	-	NS	-	-	-	-	-	-
Prospective Cohort Studies
Gallicchio 2002⁹⁵	N	-	P	N	P	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Haynes, 2003⁹⁴	-	N*	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lanphear, 2002⁹³	-	NS	-	-	-	-	-	-	N	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Markowitz 1996⁸¹	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	NS	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Schell 2003⁹²	-	NS	-	-	-	NS	-	-	N	-	-	-	-	NS	-	N (dietary) NS (serum)	Varied
Schell 2004⁹¹	-	NS	-	-	-	NS	-	-	N	-	-	Varied	-	NS	-	NS (serum)	NS
Retrospective Cohort Study (with comparison group)
Zierold 2004⁹⁹	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	NS	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cross Sectional Studies
Hammad 1996⁹⁷	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	N	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lee, 2005¹⁰	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	N	P	-	-	-	P	-	N	-	-
Lucas 1996⁹⁶	-	-	P	-	P	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Simon 1999⁹⁸	N	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Abbreviations: '-' = not evaluated; N = Negative/inverse relationship; NS = Not significant/no relationship; P = Positive relationship.

*Calcium intake was inversely associated with children's blood lead level (p=0.03) in a multivariate model that included VDR Fok 1 genotype as an independent variable. No significant effect modification of calcium intake on blood lead by genotype was found (p=0.49). No significant association was observed when the polymorphism was not included (Lanphear, 2002⁹³).

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