Screening for Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Table 2. Summary of Studies of Risk Factors

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Table 2. Summary of Studies of Risk Factors

Language	Author/Year	Population	Age range (months)	Speech & language domains	Family history	Male sex	SES	Birth order	Perinatal factors	Parental education	Medical conditions	Other associations
English Language	Brookhouser, 1979³⁶	24 referred from Boys Town Institute.	28-62	Language	0	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	X	NR
	Campbell, 2003³⁷	398 cases and 241 controls from a large, prospective study in Pittsburgh, PA.	36	Speech	X	X	X	NR	NR	X Mother	NR	NR
	Cantwell, 1985³⁸	600 children referred from a speech and hearing clinic in Los Angeles, CA.	20-191	Multiple types	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	X Psychiatric, behavioral, or developmental disorder
	Choudhury, 2003³⁹	42 cases with positive family histories and 94 controls from New York City, NY area.	36	Language	X	X	0	NR	NR	0 Mother or father	0 Asthma	X Older parents, more children in family
	Singer, 2001⁴⁰	98 cases (VLBW/BPD), 70 VLBW/non BPD controls, and 95 term controls from Cleveland, OH region hospitals.	36	Language	NR	NR	X	NR	NR	NR	X BPD, PDA	X Neurologic risk, minority race
	Tallal, 1989⁴¹	76 cases and 54 controls from the San Diego, CA Longitudinal Study.	48-59	Language	X	NR	NR	NR	NR	Mother X Father	NR	NR
	Tomblin, 1991⁴²	662 from a longitudinal cohort.	30-60	Speech and language	X	X	NR	X Born later	NR	O Mother X Father	NR	NR
	Tomblin, 1997⁴³	177 cases and 925 controls from metro regions of Iowa or Illinois.	Kindergarten age	Speech and language	X	NR	NR	NR	0 Low birth weight	X Mother or father	NR	X Younger mother, less breastfeeding
	Whitehurst, 1991⁴⁴	62 cases and 55 controls from Long Island, NY.	24-38	Expressive language	0	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Non-English Language	Fox, 2002⁴⁵ (Germany)	65 cases and 48 controls.	32-86	Speech	X	NR	NR	NR	X Birth difficulties, sucking habits	NR	NR	NR
	Klein, 1986⁴⁶ (Israel)	72 kindergarten children from a middle-class urban area.	48-108	Vocabulary	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	0 Child's behavior
	Kloth, 1995⁴⁷ (Netherlands)	93 referred because one or both parents were stutterers or had a history of stuttering.	23-58	Stuttering	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	0 Mother stutters, mother's speaking style or rate
	Lyytinen, 2001⁴⁸ (Finland)	107 with familial risk of dyslexia and 93 without.	0-54	Speech and language	X	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
	Peters, 1997⁴⁹ (Netherlands)	946 from a Dutch birth cohort in Nijmegen.	84-96	Language and educational attainment	NR	0	NR	NR	0 Preterm or low birth weight	X	NR	X Dutch as a second language
	Weindrich, 2000⁵⁰ (Germany)	320 recruited at birth at a German hospital.	Tested at 54 and 96 months	Receptive and expressive language and articulation (54 months); reading and spelling (96 months)	NR	NR	NR	NR	X Preterm, toxemia, low birth weight	X Mother or father	NR	X Parental psychiatric disorder, overcrowding, parental broken home or delinquency, one-parent family, unwanted pregnancy
	"Yliherva, 2001⁵¹ (Finland)	8,370 recruited at birth from 2 northern provinces of Finland (99% of pregnant women in 1985-1986).	96	Speech, language, learning, motor abilities	NR	X	NR	NR	X Preterm, low birth weight	0 Mother	X Impaired hearing	0 Mother's age X >4 children in family, reconstructed family status

Key/Abbreviations
X = statistically significant association
0 = variable examined and not associated with delay
NR = not reported
SES = socioeconomic status
VLBW = very low birth weight
BPD = bronchopulmonary dysplasia
PDA = patent ductus arteriosis

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