References
1. Subramanian R. Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes as a Leading Cause of Death
in the United States, 2002. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. DOT HS 809
831. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National
Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2005.
2. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2004: A
Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting
System and the General Estimates System. DOT HS 809 919. Washington DC:
U.S. Department of Transportation; 2004.
3. Grossman DC. The history of injury control and the epidemiology of child
and adolescent injuries. Future Child 2000;10:23-52. [PMID: 10911687]
4. Kahane CJ. An Evaluation of Child Passenger Safety: The Effectiveness and
Benefit of Safety Seats. DOT HS 806 890. Washington, DC: National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration; 1986.
5. National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Revised Estimates of Child Restraint
Effectiveness. Research Note. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1996.
6. Kahane CJ. Fatality Reduction by Safety Belts for Front-Seat Occupants of
Cars and Light Trucks: Updated and Expanded Estimates Based on 1986-99
FARS Data. DOT HS 809 199. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2000.
7. Morgan C. Effectiveness of Lap/Shoulder Belts in the Back Outboard Seating
Positions. DOT HS 808 945. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1999.
8. Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Reviews of evidence regarding
interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving. Am J Prev Med 2001;21:66-88. [PMID: 11691562]
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Motor-vehicle safety: a 20th
century public health achievement. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:369-74. [PMID: 10369577]
10. 2005 Roadmap to State Highway Safety Laws. Roadwork Ahead: The Unfinished
Safety Agenda. HS-043 742, 1-69. Washington, DC: Advocates for
Highway and Auto Safety; 2004.
11. Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Winston FK. Belt-positioning booster seats and
reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes. JAMA 2003;289:2835-40. [PMID: 12783914]
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Involvement by young drivers
in fatal alcohol-related motor-vehicle crashes—United States, 1982-2001.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:1089-91. [PMID: 12528920]
13. U.S. Census Bureau. Ambulatory care visits to physicians’ offices and hospital
outpatient and emergency departments: 2003. Table 157, 115. In: Statistical
Abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; 2006.
Accessed at www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/06statab/health.pdf on 12 June
2007.
14. Dellinger AM, Groff PC, Mickalide AD, Nolan PA. Kids in cars: closing
gaps in child occupant restraint laws. J Law Med Ethics 2002;30:150-6. [PMID:
12508519]
15. Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Reviews of evidence regarding
interventions to increase the use of safety belts. Am J Prev Med 2001;21:48-65. [PMID: 11691561]
16. Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Reviews of evidence regarding
interventions to increase use of child safety seats. Am J Prev Med 2001;21:31-47. [PMID: 11691560]
17. Counseling to prevent motor vehicle injuries. In: U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins; 1996:643-57.
18. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. General Child Seat Use
Information. Accessed at www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/childps/AreYouUsing/pages/GeneralCSSUse.htm on 12 June 2007.
19. Grossman DC, Garcia CC. Effectiveness of health promotion programs to
increase motor vehicle occupant restraint use among young children. Am J Prev
Med 1999;16:12-22. [PMID: 9921382]
20. DiGuiseppi C, Roberts IG. Individual-level injury prevention strategies in
the clinical setting. Future Child 2000;10:53-82. [PMID: 10911688]
21. Towner E, Dowswell T, Simpson G, Jarvis S. Health Promotion in Children
and Young Adolescents for the Prevention of Unintentional Injuries. Health
Promotion Effectiveness Reviews. London: Health Development Agency; 1996.
22. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Behavioral counseling interventions in
primary care to reduce risky/harmful alcohol use by adults: a summary of the
evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:557-68. [PMID: 15068985]
23. Foxcroft DR, Ireland D, Lister-Sharp DJ, Lowe G, Breen R. Longer-term
primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people: Cochrane systematic
review. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:758-9. [PMID: 15939711]
24. Dinh-Zarr T, Goss C, Heitman E, Roberts I, DiGuiseppi C. Interventions
for preventing injuries in problem drinkers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004:
CD001857. [PMID: 15266456]
25. Methods Work Group, Third US Preventive Services Task Force. Current
methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med 2001;20:21-35. [PMID: 11306229]
26. Harris R, Atkins D, Berg AO, Best D, Eden KB, Feightner JW, et al. U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force Procedure Manual. Rockville, MD: Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality; 2001.
27. Kelly B, Sein C, McCarthy PL. Safety education in a pediatric primary care
setting. Pediatrics 1987;79:818-24. [PMID: 3554131]
28. Liberato CP, Eriacho B, Schmiesing J, Krump M. SafeSmart Safety Seat
Intervention Project: a successful program for the medically-indigent. Patient
Educ Couns 1989;13:161-70.
29. Alvarez J, Jason LA. The effectiveness of legislation, education, and loaners
for child safety in automobiles. J Community Psychol 1993;21:280-4.
30. Serwint JR, Wilson ME, Vogelhut JW, Repke JT, Seidel HM. A randomized
controlled trial of prenatal pediatric visits for urban, low-income families.
Pediatrics 1996;98:1069-75. [PMID: 8951255]
31. Christophersen ER, Sullivan MA. Increasing the protection of newborn
infants in cars. Pediatrics 1982;70:21-5. [PMID: 7088627]
32. Barone V. An analysis of well child parenting classes: the extent of parent
compliance with health care recommendations to decrease potential injury of
their toddlers [PhD dissertation]. Lawrence, KS: Univ of Kansas; 1988.
33. Gittelman MA, Pomerantz WJ, Laurence S. An emergency department
intervention to increase booster seat use for lower socioeconomic families. Acad
Emerg Med 2006;13:396-400. [PMID: 16531596]
34. Stevens MM, Olson AL, Gaffney CA, Tosteson TD, Mott LA, Starr P. A
pediatric, practice-based, randomized trial of drinking and smoking prevention
and bicycle helmet, gun, and seatbelt safety promotion. Pediatrics 2002;109:490-7. [PMID: 11875146]
35. Hempel RJ. Intervention to increase seat belt use at a primary care center. J
Am Board Fam Pract 1992;5:483-7. [PMID: 1414449]
36. Guyer B, Gallagher SS, Chang BH, Azzara CV, Cupples LA, Colton T.
Prevention of childhood injuries: evaluation of the Statewide Childhood Injury
Prevention Program (SCIPP). Am J Public Health 1989;79:1521-7. [PMID:
2817165]
37. Reisinger KS, Williams AF, Wells JK, John CE, Roberts TR, Podgainy HJ.
Effect of pediatricians’ counseling on infant restraint use. Pediatrics 1981;67:201-6. [PMID: 7243445]
38. Scherz RG. Restraint systems for the prevention of injury to children in
automobile accidents. Am J Public Health 1976;66:451-6. [PMID: 1275118]
39. Lindqvist KS. Does the use of child safety seats increase as a result of loan
schemes? Accid Anal Prev 1993;25:421-9. [PMID: 8357455]
40. Reisinger KS, Williams AF. Evaluation of programs designed to increase the
protection of infants in cars. Pediatrics 1978;62:280-7. [PMID: 704196]
41. Tietge NS, Bender SJ, Scutchfield FD. Influence of teaching techniques on
infant car seat use. Patient Educ Couns 1987;9:167-75. [PMID: 10282837]
42. Goodson JG, Buller C, Goodson WH 3rd. Prenatal child safety education. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:312-5. [PMID: 3974957]
43. Macknin ML, Gustafson C, Gassman J, Barich D. Office education by
pediatricians to increase seat belt use. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:1305-7. [PMID:
3687873]
44. Glassbrenner D. Child Restraint Use in 2004: Overall Results. DOT HS
809 845. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration; 2005.
45. Glassbrenner D. Safety Belt Use in 2004: Demographic Results. DOT HS
809 848. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration; 2005.
46. Williams AF. Comment on occupant and licensing interventions. Am J Prev
Med 1999;16:6-8. [PMID: 9921380]
47. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening and behavioral counseling
interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: recommendation statement.
Ann Intern Med 2004;140:554-6. [PMID: 15068984]
48. Curry SJ, Ludman EJ, Grothaus LC, Donovan D, Kim E. A randomized
trial of a brief primary-care-based intervention for reducing at-risk drinking practices.
Health Psychol 2003;22:156-65. [PMID: 12683736]
49. Fleming MF, Manwell LB, Barry KL, Adams W, Stauffacher EA. Brief
physician advice for alcohol problems in older adults: a randomized community-based
trial. J Fam Pract 1999;48:378-84. [PMID: 10334615]
50. Quinlan KP, Brewer RD, Siegel P, Sleet DA, Mokdad AH, Shults RA, et
al. Alcohol-impaired driving among U.S. adults, 1993-2002. Am J Prev Med 2005;28:346-50. [PMID: 15831339]
51. National Highway Safety Transportation Administration Dictionary of Child
Safety Seat Terms. Accessed at www.nhtsa.gov on 16 March 2006.
Return to Contents
Notes
Author Affiliation
a. Drs. Williams and Whitlock, Ms. Smith,
and Ms. Beil: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800
North Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR 97227.
b. Dr. Edgerton: Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Medical
Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010.
Copyright and Source Information
This document is in the public domain within the United States. For
information on reprinting, contact Randie Siegel, Director, Division of
Printing and Electronic Publishing, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,
540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850.
Requests for linking or to incorporate content in electronic resources
should be sent to: info@ahrq.gov.
Source: Williams SB, Whitlock EP, Edgerton EA, Smith PR, Beil TL. Counseling about proper use of motor vehicle occupant restraints
and avoidance of alcohol use while driving: a systematic evidence
review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:194-206.
Return to Contents
Current as of August 2007
Internet Citation:
Williams SB, Whitlock EP, Edgerton EA, Smith PR, Beil TL. Counseling about Proper Use of Motor Vehicle Occupant Restraints and Avoidance of Alcohol Use while Driving: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:194-206. August 2007. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf07/mvoi/mvoirev.htm