| Study, Year (Reference) |
Target Behavior |
Setting |
Study Design; Location; Target Population |
Study Population |
Baseline Data on Use |
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria |
Description of Intervention |
| PC setting
during WCC visits |
| Guyer, et al., 198936 |
Child restraints; age 0–5 y
Burns, poisonings, suffocations, falls |
PC component and peripartum hospitalization |
CCT; 14 communities in Massachusetts; families with
children age 0–5 y |
n = 286,676
Age: NR
% male: NR
% minority: NR
SES: NR |
49% using child restraints |
Inclusion: > 1 child in
household age <19 y
Exclusion: NR |
IG: Concurrent implementation of 5 injury
prevention projects conducted in health
care settings and the community.
Components targeting infant and child
safety seat use included injury
counseling by pediatricians during WCC
visits for children up to age 5 y by using
Framingham Safety Surveys and
promotion of infant safety seat restraints
for infants leaving maternity hospitals
and in preschool-age children.
CG: None of the 5 injury prevention
projects were implemented. (Population
had incidental participatory exposure to
MVOI-related interventions: 14% at
baseline and 34% at 2 y after
intervention.) Exposure to the
intervention was assessed through
telephone survey respondents grouped
into 3 groups. |
| Kelly, et al., 198727 |
Infant car seat
Other behaviors: home safety, such
as fires and burns, falls, poisoning;
drowning, suffocation, and choking;
injuries due to sharp and heavy
objects; electrical hazards |
PC pediatrics |
RCT; New Haven, CT; community hospital PC clinic | Overall:
n = 171
Age: NR
% male: NR
% minority: NR
SES: NR
IG:
n = 85
Maternal age: 23.4 y
% male in household: 18
% minority: 96
SES: 91 receiving welfare
CG:
n = 86
Maternal age: 23.6 y
% male in household: 20
% minority: 93
SES: 94 receiving welfare |
NR | Inclusion: Attendance
at primary care clinic
for infant WCC visits
Exclusion: Did not
continue WCC visits
because of poor
adherence, moving,
or changing to
another physician |
IG: 3-part series of age-appropriate,
tailored safety information requiring
active parent participation given by
physician at 6-, 9-, and 12-mo WCC
visit.
CG: Routine safety information was given
as part of WCC visits. |
| Liberato, et al., 198928 |
Infant and child car seats |
PC pediatrics |
RCT (randomized clinics); Phoenix, AZ; 6 randomly
selected county outpatient care clinics, medically
indigent, 66.9% minority |
n = 900 people (observed
driving in the clinic parking lot)
Age: NR
% male: NR
% minority: NR
SES: NR |
IG, 25.1%; CG, 12.2% |
Inclusion: Parents of
children age 0–4 y
receiving outpatient
care at clinic
Exclusion: Did not drive
to clinic |
IG: Parking lot drivers with unrestrained
children (age 0–4 y) were given a
printed warning, recommended to
obtain a safety seat, and advised to
avoid a city citation fee by contacting
the health educator who would
encourage attendance at a formal class.
Drivers with restrained children were
given sunshades. Buckle-up stickers and
cups with information were distributed
in waiting rooms; waiting room
presentation participants were given
sunshades; bulletin boards displayed
information. Clinic staff (not physicians)
provided verbal reinforcement and
incentives when subject arose. Monthly
1-h meetings by health educator and
lottery drawing of a car seat.
CG preintervention: Patients received usual
care in maternity clinics and WCCs on
the importance of safety seats. |
| Reisinger, et al., 198137 |
Infant car seat |
PC postpartum and PC WCC visit |
CCT; Pittsburgh, PA |
Overall:
n = 269
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: NR, "almost
entirely white"
SES: "middle and upper middle
class"
IG:
n = 127
Age: 27 y
% male: 0
% minority: NR
CG:
n = 142
Age: 26 y
% male: 0
% minority: NR |
NA |
Inclusion: Requested 3
pediatricians within a
group practice and
came in for $1
follow-up visit
Exclusion: NR |
IG: Received education on infant car seat
delivered by physician-pediatrician at
postpartum hospital stay and WCC visits
at 1 mo and 2 mo. Pamphlet and formal
prescription at postpartum visit; tailored
message at 1 mo and 2 mo;
demonstration by pediatrician of seat
use at 1 mo.
CG: Received educational messages that
did not include car seat use. |
| Scherz, 197638 | Infant car seats |
PC pediatrics |
CCT; WCC in a U.S. Army medical center in
Tacoma, WA |
n = 500
Age: NR
% male: NR
% minority: NR
SES: NR |
NR |
Inclusion: Attendance
at 4-wk WCC visit
Exclusion: NR |
IG4: Display, pamphlet, 1–5 min with
physician-pediatrician encouraging
purchase of infant car seat.
IG3: Display, pamphlet, 1–2 min from
registered nurse encouraging purchase
of infant car seat.
IG2: Display and pamphlet.
IG1: Information display only.
CG: No stimulus. |
| Antepartum PC setting only |
| Alvarez and Jason, 199329; study 2 |
Infant car seats |
PC prenatal visit |
RCT; Chicago, IL; low-income Hispanic population | n = 14
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: 100
SES: 2 single mothers on public
assistance, 12 married women
whose husbands were laborers |
13 of 14 infants were not
restrained in a random
sample of newborns at
same clinic |
Inclusion: NR
Exclusion: NR |
IG1: At a prenatal visit during the last
month of pregnancy with an unspecified
type of provider, participants received
discussion of Illinois child passenger
legislation, an explanation of the
benefits of automobile restraint devices
along with behavior modification
strategies for use, a list of available
infant and toddler restraints, and a
demonstration of appropriate use of 1
type of restraint. At initial visit,
participants received an infant
automobile restraint device on loan for 5
mo for a $10 deposit.
IG2: Same as above, but the restraint
device was made available at the 6-wk
postpartum visit instead of during the
last month of pregnancy. |
| Serwint, et al., 199630 |
Infant car seats |
PC prenatal pediatrics
Breastfeeding; emergency department visits; circumcision;
health maintenance; mother–pediatrician relationship |
RCT (block randomization); urban, hospital-based,
resident clinic; low-income, primarily
African-American families |
Overall (n = 156)
IG:
n = 81
Mean age: 20.2 y (SD, 2.1)
% male: 0
% minority: 91 African
American
SES: 98 (medical assistance)
CG:
n = 75
Mean age: 20.7 y (SD, 2.5)
% male: 0
% minority: 91 African
American
SES: 95 (medical assistance) |
NA |
Inclusion: Nulliparous
women, age > 18 y,
fetus of gestational
age < 28 wk, not yet
selected a
pediatrician
Exclusion: Admitted to
prenatal drug use,
had a recognized
psychiatric illness, or
had HIV |
IG: Had a prenatal visit with a pediatrician
scheduled between 32 wk and 36 wk of
gestation; received a welcome letter to
the pediatric clinic with a brochure for
proper health care utilization; counseled
by a postgraduate year–2 pediatric
resident on multiple anticipatory
guidance topics if attended visit.
CG: Not offered a visit; received card with
future pediatrician information, welcome
letter, and brochure. |
| Peripartum inpatient setting
only |
| Christophersen and
Sullivan, 198231 |
Infant car seats |
Peripartum hospitalization |
RCT; suburban Kansas City, MO, hospital |
n = 30
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: NR
SES: NR (see comments) |
NA |
Inclusion: Delivered a
single live-born
infant; baby’s
physician within 10
miles
Exclusion: NR |
IG: Discharge staff person brought in a
free loaner car seat at time of discharge
and then offered to demonstrate proper
infant placement in seat before leaving
room, carrying infant in seat, and
correct restraining with lap belt in
family’s vehicle; if mother declined, no
further effort was made.
CG: Usual care. |
| Lindqvist, 199339 | Infant car seats |
Peripartum hospitalization |
CCT (group-level); Sweden; 3 community hospitals
in smaller cities |
Overall:
n = 1157
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: NR
SES: NR
IG:
n = 764
SES: 97.9% car ownership
CG:
n = 393
SES: 96.4% car ownership |
NA |
Inclusion: Live birth at
the participating
hospitals during the
test period
Exclusion: NR |
IG: An infant car seat was loaned free of
charge during the mother’s postpartum
inpatient hospitalization; maternity ward
staff demonstrated the use of the seat
and parents viewed videotape; seats
were returned at 9 mo.
CG: Usual care. |
| Reisinger and Williams,
197840 |
Infant car seats |
Peripartum hospitalization |
CCT; Pittsburgh, PA; couples before postnatal
discharge |
n = 1103
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: NR
SES: NR |
NA |
Inclusion: Delivered live
baby within the
study period
Exclusion: Babies who
were to be adopted,
those whose babies
died, did not speak
English or were deaf,
no car ownership,
were not discharged
before next
treatment group was
initiated |
IG1: Received 2 pamphlets from research
staff with training on child safety seat
use and given in-room access to
purchase car seat; seat delivered to
room and correct use demonstrated for
women who purchased it.
IG2: Same as IG1, but also visit from
health educator on use of car seat.
IG3: Same as IG1 and offered free car
seat.
CG: Car seats available for purchase in gift
shop. |
| Tietge, et al., 198741 |
Infant car seats |
PC peripartum hospitalization |
CCT; major community hospital in San Diego, CA | n = 93
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: 16 (calculated value)
SES: 73.29% had some college
education or more; 65.6% had
income > $2000/mo |
NA |
Inclusion: First-time
mothers, gave
consent, or were
discharged during
experimental period
Exclusion: Could not
verify that participant
viewed video, or
video was not
viewed at discharge |
IG2: Watched 14-min video from
Physicians for Automotive Safety
(including demonstration of proper use
of infant safety seat) and 5-min,
face-to-face instruction session, which
included practice by participant.
IG1: Viewed video.
CG: Given no safety seat information. |
| PC-R education courses |
| Barone, 198832 | Car seat |
PC-R parent education classes
Other behaviors: water temperature, smoke detectors |
RCT (group-level); suburban Kansas City, MO,
medical center; parents who elected to participate
in a continuing education series |
Overall: n = 79 couples or
individuals
IG:
n = 41 couples or individuals
Mean age: 32 y (mother), 34
y (father)
% male: NR
% minority: NR
SES, education: mean, 2.98b
SES, income: mean, 4.7c
CG:
n = 38 couples or individuals
Mean age: 32 y (mother), 33
y (father)
% male: NR
% minority: NR
SES, education: mean, 2.87b
SES, income: mean, 4.54c |
NR for IG and CG |
Inclusion: Participation
in toddler education
class, consented to a
home visit and safety
assessment, attended
health and safety
education
presentation, lived in
dwelling where they
could control the
setting of the water
heater, not engaged
in major water use 2
h before home visit
Exclusion: NR |
IG: Viewed home safety slides; slides
addressing water temperature, smoke
detectors, and child restraints; 6-min
film on crash tests of restrained and
unrestrained children; received education
packet and digital thermometer.
CG: Viewed home safety slides only. |
| Goodson, et al., 198542 |
Infant car seats |
PC-R prenatal classes | CCT (group-level); San Francisco, CA; prenatal
couples |
Overall:
n = 163
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: NR
SES: NR
Hospital A:
n = 67
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: 24
SES: Median education, 16 y
Hospital B:
n = 69
Age: NR
% male: 0
% minority: 77
SES: Median education, 12 y |
Seat belt use of parents:
hospital A, 6% never
wear; hospital B, 38%
never wear |
Inclusion: Attendance
at hospital prenatal
class
Exclusion: No car
ownership |
IG: Half-hour lecture given by social
worker, including a discussion;
demonstration of correct use of infant
safety seat with a doll; 10-min film by
the Insurance Institute for Highway
Safety that illustrated crash results of
unrestrained infant; question-and-answer
session; and brochures.
CG: Usual cursory mention of child
passenger safety. |
540 Gaither Road Rockville, MD 20850