References
1. Espey DK, Wu XC, Swan J, Wiggins C, Jim MA,
Ward E, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer,
1975-2004, featuring cancer in
American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cancer. 2007;110:2119-52.
[PMID:
17939129]
2. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figure 2008. Accessed at www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/2008CAFFfinalsecured.pdf on 15 September 2008.
3. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, Snover DC, Bradley GM, Schuman LM, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1365-71. [PMID: 8474513]
4. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, Moss SM, Amar SS, Balfour TW, et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996;348:1472-7. [PMID: 8942775]
5. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jørgensen OD, Søndergaard O. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 1996;348:1467-71. [PMID: 8942774]
6. Winawer SJ, Fletcher RH, Miller L, Godlee F, Stolar MH, Mulrow CD, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology 1997;112:594-642. [PMID: 9024315]
7. Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al.Gastrointestinal Consortium Panel. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence. Gastroenterology 2003;124:544-60. [PMID: 12557158]
8. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for colorectal cancer: recommendation and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:129-31. [PMID: 12118971]
9. Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Liles E, Beil TL, Fu R. Screening for colorectal cancer: a targeted, updated systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:638-58.
10. Loeve F, Boer R, van Oortmarssen GJ, van Ballegooijen M, Habbema JD. The MISCAN-COLON simulation model for the evaluation of colorectal cancer screening. Comput Biomed Res 1999;32:13-33. [PMID: 10066353]
11. Loeve F, Brown ML, Boer R, van Ballegooijen M, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD. Endoscopic colorectal cancer screening: a cost-saving analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:557-63. [PMID: 10749911]
12. Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Schrag D, Boer R, Winawer SJ, Habbema JD, et al. How much can current interventions reduce colorectal cancer mortality in the U.S.? Mortality projections for scenarios of risk-factor modification, screening, and treatment. Cancer 2006;107:1624-33. [PMID: 16933324]
13. Frazier AL, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS, Kuntz KM. Cost-effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer in the general population. JAMA 2000;284:1954-61. [PMID: 11035892]
14. Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. SEER* Stat Database: Incidence—SEER 9 Regs Public Use. Nov 2003 Sub (1973-2001), DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch. Based on the November 2003 submission. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; April 2004.
15. Clark JC, Collan Y, Eide TJ, Estève J, Ewen S, Gibbs NM, et al. Prevalence of polyps in an autopsy series from areas with varying incidence of large-bowel cancer. Int J Cancer 1985;36:179-86. [PMID: 4018911]
16. Blatt LJ. Polyps of the colon and rectum: incidence and distribution. Dis Colon Rectum 1961;4:277-82.
17. Vatn MH, Stalsberg H. The prevalence of polyps of the large intestine in Oslo: an autopsy study. Cancer 1982;49:819-25. [PMID: 7055790]
18. Jass JR, Young PJ, Robinson EM. Predictors of presence, multiplicity, size and dysplasia of colorectal adenomas. A necropsy study in New Zealand. Gut 1992;33:1508-14. [PMID: 1452076]
19. Johannsen LG, Momsen O, Jacobsen NO. Polyps of the large intestine in Aarhus, Denmark. An autopsy study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:799-806. [PMID: 2799283]
20. Bombi JA. Polyps of the colon in Barcelona, Spain. An autopsy study. Cancer 1988;61:1472-6. [PMID: 3345499]
21. Williams AR, Balasooriya BA, Day DW. Polyps and cancer of the large bowel: a necropsy study in Liverpool. Gut 1982;23:835-42. [PMID: 7117903]
22. Rickert RR, Auerbach O, Garfinkel L, Hammond EC, Frasca JM. Adenomatous lesions of the large bowel: an autopsy survey. Cancer 1979;43:1847-57. [PMID: 445371]
23. Chapman I. Adenomatous polypi of large intestine: incidence and distribution. Ann Surg 1963;157:223-6. [PMID: 14020146]
24. Arminski TC, McLean DW. Incidence and distribution of adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum based on 1, 000 autopsy examinations. Dis Colon Rectum 1964;7:249-61. [PMID: 14176135]
25. Mandel JS, Church TR, Bond JH, Ederer F, Geisser MS, Mongin SJ, et al. The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1603-7. [PMID: 11096167]
26. Mandel JS, Church TR, Ederer F, Bond JH. Colorectal cancer mortality: effectiveness of biennial screening for fecal occult blood. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:434-7. [PMID: 10070942]
27. American Cancer Society Colorectal Cancer Advisory Group. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008;134:1570-95. [PMID: 18384785]
28. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH, Stillman JS, O'brien MJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin 2006;56:143-59; quiz 184-5. [PMID: 16737947]
29. Zauber AG, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Wilschut J, Knudsen AB, van Ballegooijen M, Kuntz KM. Cost-effectiveness of DNA stool testing to screen for colorectal cancer: report to AHRQ and CMS from the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) for MISCAN and SimCRC Models. Accessed at https://www.cms.hhs.gov/mcd/viewtechassess.asp?from2=viewtechassess.asp&id=212 on 15 September 2008.
30. Mark DH. Visualizing cost-effectiveness analysis [Editorial]. JAMA 2002;287:2428-9. [PMID: 11988064]
31. van Rijn JC, Reitsma JB, Stoker J, Bossuyt PM, van Deventer SJ, Dekker E. Polyp miss rate determined by tandem colonoscopy: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:343-50. [PMID: 16454841]
32. Arias E. United States life tables, 2003. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2006;54:1-40. [PMID: 16681183]
33. Brown ML, Klabunde CN, Mysliwiec P. Current capacity for endoscopic colorectal cancer screening in the United States: data from the National Cancer Institute Survey of Colorectal Cancer Screening Practices. Am J Med 2003;115:129-33. [PMID: 12893399]
34. Mysliwiec PA, Brown ML, Klabunde CN, Ransohoff DF. Are physicians doing too much colonoscopy? A national survey of colorectal surveillance after polypectomy. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:264-71. [PMID: 15313742]
35. Seeff LC, Manninen DL, Dong FB, Chattopadhyay SK, Nadel MR, Tangka FK, et al. Is there endoscopic capacity to provide colorectal cancer screening to the unscreened population in the United States? Gastroenterology 2004;127:1661-9. [PMID: 15578502]
36. Rex DK, Petrini JL, Baron TH, Chak A, Cohen J, Deal SE, et al.ASGE/ACG Taskforce on Quality in Endoscopy. Quality indicators for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:873-85. [PMID: 16635231]
37. Barclay RL, Vicari JJ, Doughty AS, Johanson JF, Greenlaw RL. Colonoscopic with3rawal times and adenoma detection during screening colonoscopy. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2533-41. [PMID: 17167136]
38. Baron R, Rimer BK, Berkowitz J, Harris K, eds. Increasing Screening for Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancers—Recommendations from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services, Methods, Systematic Reviews of Evidence and Expert Commentary. Am J Prev Med 2008;35:A1-4, S1-76.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the following for helpful comments and review of earlier
versions of this paper: Mary Barton, MD, MPH, and William Lawrence, MD, MSc,
of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Steve Teutsch, MD, Diana
Petitti, MD, Michael Lefevre, MD, and George Isham, MD, of the U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force; Eric (Rocky) Feuer, P, of the National Cancer Institute;
Evelyn Whitlock, P, of the Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center; and the outside
reviewers: Laura Seeff, MD, David Ransohoff, MD, and Carolyn Rutter, PhD.
Return to Contents
Reprints
For
information on reprinting, contact Randie Siegel, Associate Director, Office
of Communications and Knowledge Transfer, Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality, 540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850.
Requests for linking or to incorporate content in electronic resources
should be sent to: info@ahrq.gov.
Disclaimer: Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Return to Contents
Proceed to Appendix
Current as of October 2008
Internet Citation:
Zauber AG, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Knudsen AB, Wilschut J, Ballegooijen Mv, Kuntz KM. Evaluating Test Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Decision Analysis. October 2008. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf08/colocancer/coloartzaub.htm
540 Gaither Road Rockville, MD 20850