Implementing Shared Formulary and E-based Medication Order Review to C

Slide Presentation from the AHRQ 2009 Annual Conferenc

On September 16, 2009, Douglas Wakefield made this presentation at the 2009 Annual Conference. Select to access the PowerPoint® presentation (1.37 MB) (Plugin Software Help).

Slide 1

Implementing Shared Formulary and E-based Medication Order Review to Create "Closed Loop" Medication Process in Critical Access Hospitals

September 16, 2009
Douglas S. Wakefield, PhD.

Slide 2

• This work was supported in part by AHRQ grant #UC1HS016156—"EHR Implementation for the Continuum of Care in Rural Iowa"�, University of Iowa Center for Health Policy and Research, and the University of Missouri Center for Health Care Quality.
• Research Team:
  • Marcia M. Ward, Jean Loes, John O'Brien, Douglas S. Wakefield

Slide 3

Agenda

• CAH Challenges in Improving Medication Processes
• CAH Network Approach to Implementing Shared Formulary and 24x7 Pharmacist Review of Medication Orders
• Open vs. Closed Loop Medication Processes... Theory to Practice

Slide 4

Errors in the Medication Cycle

Medication Management Processes

E R R O R S

Ordering
Wrong Dose
Wrong Drug
Wrong Route/Form
Allergy, Drug Interaction

Transcribing
Wrong Dose
Wrong Route
Wrong Patient
Wrong Time
Wrong Drug

Dispensing
Wrong Dose
Wrong Route
Wrong Patient
Wrong Time
Incorrect Labeling/ Drug ID
Primary catch for Allergy, Drug Interaction,

Administering
Wrong Patient
Wrong Dose
Wrong Drug,
Wrong Time/ Omitted
Wrong Route
Frequently Involves Infusion Pump

Percent of Errors 39%
Intercept Rate 19%
True Error Rate 20%

Lucian Leape, et.al., JAMA, Volume 274, 1995
 

Slide 5

IHI Suggestion for Improving Medication Processes are Challenges for All Hospitals

• Ensure allergy information accompanies patients
• Use Drug Interaction Software
• Pharmacists review of all medication orders
• Provide reference materials at point of care
• Make allergy information available
• Place pharmacists in patient care units
• Connect medication orders to lab results

Slide 6

Additional Challenges facing Critical Access Hospitals

• Availability of Pharmacists
  • Pharmaceutical Expertise
  • Order Review Prior to Administration
  • Nurse Must Dispense Medications
• Access to Patient-Specific Information when needed (Ordering, Dispensing, Administration)
• Fragmented / Disconnected Workflow Processes
• Reliance on Paper / Handwritten Documentation
• Financial Resources
• Information Technology Expertise & Resources

Slide 7

Open vs. Closed Loop Processes to Improve Safety

• Open Loop Processes:
  • Traditional process
  • Sequential tasks
  • +/- Asymmetry in access to information
  • +/- Monitoring & Feedback

Slide 8

"Open Loop" Information Handoffs Create Uncertainty and Opportunity for Poor Quality and Error!

Image: A chart depicts the "open loop": An arrow labeled "Is Access to Patient Information Adequate?" points to a box captioned "Evaluating Patient Status and Care Needs"; another arrow labeled "Is Access to Patient Information Adequate?" points from this box to one captioned "Prescribing"; a third arrow labeled "Is Access to Patient Information Adequate?" points from this box to a blank gap; a fourth arrow labeled "Is Access to Patient Information Adequate?" points from this box to another blank gap; the first arrow labeled "Is Access to Patient Information Adequate?" points from this gap, completing the cycle. At the center of the chart is the caption "Key Process Steps Lack Information Continuity, Monitoring and Control." At the four corners of the figure, within the circle of the "Is Access to Patient Information Adequate?" arrows are four larger boxes captioned "Are the Changing Paper Records Accurate? Complete? Timely? Available? Legible?"

Slide 9

Closed Loop Processes to Improve Safety

• Closed Loop Processes:
  • Goal is connected and non-fragmented processes
  • Sequential tasks
  • Symmetry in access to needed information
  • Built in monitoring and feedback
  • Information technology integrated into workflow

Slide 10

"Open Loop"—Continuously Links Information to Process and Automatically Provides Automatic Monitoring

Image: A chart depicts the "closed loop": An arrow labeled "Information Linked to Process" points to a box captioned "Evaluating Patient Status and Care Needs"; another arrow labeled "Information Linked to Process" points from this box to one captioned "Prescribing"; a third arrow labeled "Information Linked to Process" points from this box to one captioned "Dispensing"; a fourth arrow labeled "Information Linked to Process" points from this box to one captioned "Administration"; the first arrow labeled "Information Linked to Process" points from this box, completing the cycle. At the center of the chart is a bin captioned "EHR, Lab, Radiology, Rx Standardized Formulary, E-MAR, SSOS, CPOE, ADC, BCMA"; arrows point back and forth from this bin to the four boxes. At the four corners of the figure, within the circle of the "Information Linked to Process" arrows are four blue clouds captioned "Enables Continuous Data Access and Monitoring."

Slide 11

Case Study of Seven CAHs and a Rural Referral Hospital's Collaboration to Implement "Closed Loop" Medication Processes

Methodology:

• Document Reviews
• Interviews
• Collaborative Planning Began Late 2006
• Collaborative Implementation s 2008 & 2009

Slide 12

Trinity System

Image: A map of the United States is shown with an arrow pointing from Texas to Iowa.

Slide 13

Mercy Health Network—North Iowa

Image: A chart depicting the Mercy Health Network is shown.

Slide 14

Coordinated Planning & Implementation

• Cohort Approach to Planning & Implementation
• EHR, CPOE, Lab, Radiology, Pharmacy Systems
• Technology Enabled Devices:
  • Automated Dispensing, BCMA
• Shared Formulary
• 24x7 Pharmacist Medication Order Reviews

Slide 15

Rationale for Shared Formulary

• Expand evidence-based formulary content
• Create shared knowledge base and formulary content for subsequent HIT implementation
• Standardize the pharmacy system IT build
• Facilitate remote pharmacist reviews

Slide 16

Shared Formulary Proces Steps

Image: A diagram of the Shared Formulary Proces Steps is shown.

Slide 17

Table 3: Summary of Formulary Changes

Slide 18

Rationale for 24x7 Pharmacist Medication Order Review

• Medication orders not reviewed
• Rural pharmacist supply constrained
• Nurses dispensing medications from pharmacy

Slide 19

Network Pharmacy Hours 2007

Image: A sample chart of the Network Pharmacy Hours in 2007 is shown.

Slide 20

"Closed Loop" Continuously Links Information to Process and Automatically Provides Automatic Monitoring

Image: Chart depicting the "closed loop," as shown in Slide 10, is covered by a red block containing the following text:

Closed Loop Requires Integration of HIT within Workflow... How was this Done?

Slide 21

CAH Case Study "Closed Loop" Medication Process Workflow and HIT Framework

Image: Chart displays the following:

Slide 22

CAH Case Study "Closed Loop" Medication Ordering Process and Information Flow

Image: Flow chart displays the following:

Slide 23

CAH Case Study "Closed Loop" Medication Order Verification Process and Information Flow

Image: Flow chart displays the following:

Slide 24

CAH Case Study "Closed Loop" Medication Administration Process and Information Flow

Image: Flow chart displays the following:

Slide 25

CAH Case Study "Closed Loop" Medication Process and Information Flow

Image: Flow chart displays the following:

Slide 26

Network Pharmacist Hours: Post-Remote Pharmacist Reviews

Image: Color-coded chart displays the hours of Pharmacist Coverage, Remote Coverage by Network Pharmacist, and Remote Coverage by Remote Pharmacy Service in a sample month.

Slide 27

3 Month Comparison of Pattern of Actions taken by Local and Remote Pharmacists for One Critical Access Hospital (February—April, 2009)

% Reviewed

• 3 Month Local Pharmacists' Total: 3267
• 3 Month Exteranl Pharmacists' Average: 5896

% Ordered

• 3 Month Local Pharmacists' Total: 1544
• 3 Month Exteranl Pharmacists' Average: 682

% Modified

• 3 Month Local Pharmacists' Total: 596
• 3 Month Exteranl Pharmacists' Average: 698

% Discontinued

• 3 Month Local Pharmacists' Total: 323
• 3 Month Exteranl Pharmacists' Average: 649

% Voided

• 3 Month Local Pharmacists' Total: 100
• 3 Month Exteranl Pharmacists' Average: 79

Slide 28

Ongoing Journey Continuous Improvement

• Regional P&T Committee
• Remote Rx Order Review Costs & Performance
• ADC Transition to full "Profile Mode"
• Process Monitoring:
  • CPOE Order Rates
  • ADC Overrides
  • BCMA Scanning Rates
• HIT Updating and Integration with Workflow

Slide 29

Questions?

Slide 30

Figure 1: HIT-Based After Hours, Weekend and Holiday Pharmacist Review Process for Critical Access Hospitals (CAH)

Image: Flow chart depicts decision-making process for dealing with medication requests during off-peak hours.

Slide 31

3-Month Comparison of Percent of Actions Taken by Local and Remote Pharmacists by Action Category for One Critical Access Hospital (February—April, 2009)

Reviewed

• % by Local Pharmacists: 3267
• % by External Pharmacists: 5896

Ordered

• % by Local Pharmacists: 1544
• % by External Pharmacists: 687

Modified

• % by Local Pharmacists: 596
• % by External Pharmacists: 698

Discontinued

• % by Local Pharmacists: 323
• % by External Pharmacists: 649

Voided

• % by Local Pharmacists: 100
• % by External Pharmacists: 79