Tables

Table A. Research design for studies across the phases of medication management and education and reconciliation

Design	P	OC	D	A	M	E	R
RCT	69	1	2	2	37	1	1
Cohort	13	2	2	1	6	0	1
Observational	144	18	10	26	29	2	4
Qualitative	37	5	3	10	5	0	0
Total	263	26	17	39	77	3	6

Note: Some studies cross more than one phase.

Column headings: P = Prescribing, OC = Order Communication, D = Dispensing, A = Administering, M = Monitoring, E = Education, R = Reconciliation

Abbreviations: RCT = Randomized controlled trial

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Table B. Settings for the phases of medication management and reconciliation and education

Setting	P	OC	D	A	M	E	R
Ambulatory care (e.g., clinic, doctors office)	94	6	2	1	40	2	0
Community (e.g., school, community center)	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Home	2	0	0	2	5	0	0
Hospital	164	12	9	34	36	1	6
Long-term care	4	0	2	3	1	0	0
Pharmacy	11	13	10	2	4	0	1

Note: Some studies cross more than one phase or setting.

Column headings: P = Prescribing, OC = Order Communication, D = Dispensing, A = Administering, M = Monitoring, E = Education, R = Reconciliation

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Table C. Clinicians evaluated in outcomes studies of medication management phases, education, and reconciliation

Clinicians	P	OC	D	A	M	E	R
Primary care physicians	25	2	1	0	3	1	0
Specialists	11	0	0	0	1	0	0
Hospitalists	18	0	0	0	2	0	0
Other physicians	7	0	0	0	2	0	0
Physicians undifferentiated	26	1	0	1	3	0	1
Nurses	20	1	0	16	2	0	1
Midlevel practitioners (e.g., PA, NP, MW)	6	0	0	0	2	0	0
Pharmacists	13	6	5	2	1	0	1
Other health professionals	10	0	2	4	1	0	0
Hospital administrators	4	1	0	1	0	0	0

Note: Some studies cross more than one phase and clinician type.

Column headings: P = Prescribing, OC = Order Communication, D = Dispensing, A = Administering, M = Monitoring, E = Education, R = Reconciliation

Abbreviations: MW = midwife, NP = nurse practitioner, PA = physician assistant

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Table D. Main Health IT studied by medication management phase and education and reconciliation

Health IT	P	OC	D	A	M	E	R
CDSS/reminders	177	8	4	5	63	1	1
CPOE/POE system	90	12	5	9	11	0	0
e-Prescribing	31	10	3	4	2	1	1
Order transmission of the prescription to and from doctor to pharmacy electronically	2	3	0	0	0	0	0
Pharmacy information system	2	3	4	1	0	1	1
Barcoding medication administering	1	0	2	20	0	0	0
Barcoding dispensing	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
eMAR, e-TAR	2	2	2	14	0	0	0
Other	13	2	3	7	14	1	5
Personal digital assistants or hand-helds	7	1	0	4	5	0	1

Note: Some studies cross more than one phase and technology.

Column headings: P = Prescribing, OC = Order Communication, D = Dispensing, A = Administering, M = Monitoring, E = Education, R = Reconciliation

Abbreviations: CDSS = Clinical decision support system, CPOE = Computerized provider order entry, POE = Provider order entry, eMAR = Electronic Medication Administration Record system, eTAR = Electronic Treatment Administration Record system

Current as of April 2011

Internet Citation: Tables. April 2011. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence-based-reports/medmgttabs.html