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Figure 2.1. Adults ages 50-75 who reported having colorectal cancer screening, by race and income, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, and 2010
Race
2000
2003
2005
2008
2010
White
35.1
40.3
46.3
53.4
60.2
Black
30.0
35.9
39.1
48.2
56.1
Asian
22.7
28.3
31.3
47.5
47.8
AI/AN
34.9
29.0
28.7
45.6
>1 Race
38.1
40.9
36.5
39.3
53.5
Income
2000
2003
2005
2008
2010
Poor
26.4
30.0
29.3
34.5
38.7
Low Income
27.9
30.8
37.6
42.0
47.5
Middle Income
32.7
38.2
43.4
49.6
57.4
High Income
39.6
45.8
52.1
60.8
68.9
Key: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, and 2010. Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 50-75. Note: Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Colorectal cancer screening includes blood stool test in the past year, sigmoidoscopy in the past 5 years and blood stool test in the past 3 years, or colonoscopy in the past 10 years.
Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina
Third Quartile
Montana, Minnesota, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Virginia, New Jersey, Connecticut, New Hampshire
Smallest Disparity Quartile
Alaska, Colorado, Nebraska, Arkansas, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maine
Key: Largest Disparity Quartile identifies States with the largest relative difference in rates of colorectal cancer screening between poor and high-income adults; Smallest Disparity Quartile identifies States with the smallest relative differences in rates of colorectal cancer screening between poor and high-income adults. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010.
Figure 2.3. Adults ages 50-64 who reported having colorectal cancer screening, by Asian and Hispanic granular ethnicities and English proficiency, California, 2005, 2007, and 2009
Figure 2.4. Adults age 50 and over who have advanced stage colorectal cancer, per 100,000 population, by race and ethnicity, 2000-2008
Race
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
White
100.4
97.9
94.8
92.4
83.0
79.5
77.3
74.9
71.5
Black
114.8
113.3
112.3
112.7
102.9
99.1
95.7
92.5
90.6
AI/AN
68.3
68.6
66.2
65.7
59.2
55.1
54.9
60.5
52.1
API
78.0
79.5
76.3
71.2
66.5
67.6
64.2
60.8
59.8
Ethnicity
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Non-Hispanic White
102.5
100.0
97.0
94.8
85.1
81.7
79.3
77.1
73.9
Hispanic
82.8
82.6
79.5
78.5
75.4
73.2
71.7
67.1
64.8
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Program of Cancer Registries and National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, 2000-2008. Registries meeting United States Cancer Statistics publication criteria for every year, 2000-2008, are included and cover 90.1% of the total U.S. population. States excluded are Arkansas, Washington DC, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Virginia. Denominator: Adults age 50 and over. Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Advanced stage colorectal cancer is defined as regional or distant stage.
Figure 2.5. Patients with colon cancer who received surgical resection of colon cancer that included at least 12 lymph nodes pathologically examined, by race/ethnicity and income, 2004-2009
Race/Ethnicity
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
White
55.3
60.7
67.4
77.3
81.5
84.2
Black
54.4
58.9
66.5
76.0
80.1
82.1
Hispanic
56.5
62.0
68.7
78.1
80.8
84.7
Asian
59.1
65.0
69.4
76.5
81.5
83.8
NHOPI
77.8
81.8
83.9
83.9
AI/AN
41.7
55.7
60.4
74.4
76.1
78.8
Income
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Total
55.4
60.5
67.4
77.4
81.4
83.9
Poor
55.8
59.8
67.0
78.3
83.9
85.7
Low Income
53.8
59.0
66.7
76.5
80.7
83.2
Middle Income
59.6
64.4
70.1
80.3
83.4
85.9
High Income
61.6
67.5
70.4
80.0
84.2
87.0
Key: NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native. Source: Commission on Cancer, American College of Surgeons and American Cancer Society, National Cancer Data Base, 2004-2009. Denominator: U.S. population. White and Black are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races. Note: The 2006 and 2007 data for NHOPIs did not meet criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.
Figure 2.6. Patients with colon cancer who received surgical resection of colon cancer that included at least 12 lymph nodes pathologically examined, by Asian and Hispanic granular ethnicities, 2004-2009
Ethnicity
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Asian Indian
57.9
74.7
60.8
84.7
83.8
86.2
Chinese
57.2
53.0
68.9
74.1
81.6
82.2
Filipino
51.3
60.3
74.1
73.6
80.0
76.1
Japanese
67.3
72.7
71.3
77.9
81.9
89.9
Korean
63.6
64.8
66.1
77.2
77.7
86.6
Vietnamese
54.7
68.7
69.3
72.8
82.5
83.0
Ethnicity
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Mexican
59.2
62.0
70.6
74.1
78.9
86.6
Cuban
64.8
70.7
77.8
82.5
85.3
89.5
Puerto Rican
46.2
51.0
57.7
67.6
70.5
77.4
Source: Commission on Cancer, American College of Surgeons and American Cancer Society, National Cancer Data Base, 2004-2009. Denominator: U.S. population. Note: Puerto Ricans include patients receiving cancer care in hospitals in Puerto Rico.
Figure 2.7. Age-adjusted colorectal cancer deaths per 100,000 population, by race and ethnicity, 2004-2009
Race
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Total
18.0
17.5
17.2
16.9
16.5
16
White
17.6
16.9
16.7
16.4
16
15.6
Black
24.7
24.8
24.3
23.5
22.9
22.3
API
11.3
11.2
10.9
10.9
11.3
10.5
AI/AN
12.1
12.0
11.2
11.5
13.8
12.8
Ethnicity
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Non-Hispanic White
17.9
17.2
17.0
16.7
16.3
15.8
Hispanic
12.6
12.4
12.6
12.0
12
12.2
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System—Mortality, 2004-2009. Denominator: U.S. population. Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Total rate is age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.8. Adults who received a blood pressure measurement in the last 2 years and can state whether their blood pressure was normal or high, by race/ethnicity and education, 1998, 2003, and 2008
Race/Ethnicity
1998
2003
2008
Total
90.1
90.4
92.9
White
91.0
91.9
93.6
Black
92.3
92.1
93.5
Hispanic
83.6
83.2
89.0
Education
1998
2003
2008
<High School
83.7
82.9
87.7
High School Grad
89.6
90.8
91.3
Any College
92.9
93.7
94.9
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 1998, 2003, and 2008. Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 18 and over. Note: Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. White and Black groups are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.9. Adults with hypertension whose blood pressure is under control, by race/ethnicity and income, 1988-1994, 1999-2002, 2003-2006, and 2007-2010
Figure 2.10. Inpatient deaths per 1,000 adult hospital admissions with heart attack, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2001-2009
Race/Ethnicity
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
White
100.2
97.2
88.2
83.3
78.3
72.4
66.3
59.9
54.5
Black
95.2
88.2
84.0
75.2
67.6
60.8
57.6
48.4
47.6
Hispanic
99.5
94.1
88.8
80.8
77.4
72.5
65.3
59.0
59.4
API
91.3
96.7
85.6
85.6
77.0
83.5
72.8
61.1
59.0
Area Income
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Q1 (Lowest)
105.9
97.6
90.9
87.4
78.8
74.3
68.7
61.6
54.5
Q2
100.8
94.5
90.2
82.9
79.2
73.7
67.1
60.1
56.8
Q3
98.5
90.3
83.5
78.0
74.2
69.9
66.0
56.1
53.1
Q4 (Highest)
94.6
90.7
80.1
76.8
72.2
67.9
61.8
56.2
51.1
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; Q1 represents the lowest income quartile and Q4 represents the highest income quartile based on the median income of a patient's ZIP Code of residence. Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, and AHRQ Quality Indicators modified version 4.1, 2001-2009. Denominator: Adults age 18 and over admitted to a non-Federal community hospital in the United States with acute myocardial infarction as principal discharge diagnosis. Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates are adjusted by age, Major Diagnostic Category, All Payer Refined-Diagnosis Related Group risk of mortality score, and transfers into the hospital. White, Black, and API groups are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.11. Hospital patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction prescribed ACE inhibitor or ARB at discharge, by race/ethnicity, 2005-2010
Race/Ethnicity
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Total
82.6
85.2
89.7
92.1
93.8
94.9
White
81.4
84.2
88.9
91.4
93.1
94.4
Black
85.4
87.6
91.4
93.6
95.1
96.1
Hispanic
82.9
85.2
89.4
92.5
94.4
94.6
AI/AN
85.8
86.4
90.8
90.7
91.8
92.5
Asian
81.5
84.9
89.9
92.6
95.4
95.4
Key: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native. Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicare Quality Improvement Organization Program, 2005-2010. Denominator: Patients hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of acute heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Note: White, Black, AI/AN, and Asian groups are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.12. Adult admissions for congestive heart failure per 100,000 population, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2001-2009
Race/Ethnicity
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
White
414.6
414.0
372.8
372.7
365.4
347.0
326.3
315.7
306.6
Black
1083.7
1041.3
859.2
938.1
846.7
862.4
828.6
766.3
742.3
Hispanic
483.9
608.3
616.9
592.5
503.5
436.5
408.6
339.4
336.8
API
309.5
307.9
253.6
289.7
224.8
213.5
216.9
214.7
199.0
Area Income
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Q1 (Lowest)
610.9
599.6
598.9
576.0
557.2
566.1
511.4
490.3
480.2
Q2
521.4
518.3
463.5
450.3
419.4
413.0
388.3
373.7
363.3
Q3
427.5
444.1
397.5
384.1
377.8
359.4
335.9
327.4
322.0
Q4 (Highest)
413.3
376.7
334.9
347.1
349.1
333.8
296.0
299.2
292.8
Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander; Q1 represents the lowest income quartile and Q4 represents the highest income quartile based on the median income of a patient's ZIP Code of residence. Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, and AHRQ Quality Indicators modified version 4.1, 2001-2009. Denominator: U.S. resident population age 18 and over. Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates are adjusted by age and gender. White, Black, and API groups are non-Hispanic; Hispanic includes all races.
Figure 2.13. Adults who reported receiving a cholesterol check in the last 5 years, by race, 2011
Race
2011
White
77.3
NHOPI
65.9
Key: NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011. Denominator: Adults age 18 and over.
Figure 2.14. Adult admissions for congestive heart failure per 100,000 population, State of Hawaii, by granular ethnicity, 2008
Ethnicity
2008
White
197.1
Native Hawaiian
372.5
Other Pacific Islander
1383.4
Chinese
218.7
Filipino
354.7
Japanese
132.5
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Hawaii State Inpatient Databases and AHRQ Quality Indicators modified version 4.1, 2008. Denominator: Adults age 18 and over in Hawaii based on the Hawaii Health Survey. Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Rates are adjusted by age and gender using the total U.S. population for 2000 as the standard population.
Internet Citation: 2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report: Chapter 2, Text Descriptions for Figures.
May 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap2-text.html
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