National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
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Topics
- Adverse Drug Events (ADE) (9)
- Adverse Events (38)
- Ambulatory Care and Surgery (3)
- Antibiotics (5)
- Antimicrobial Stewardship (6)
- Blood Clots (3)
- Blood Thinners (2)
- Cancer (4)
- Cancer: Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Cancer: Lung Cancer (1)
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- Care Management (3)
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- Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) (3)
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- Children/Adolescents (7)
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- Clinical Decision Support (CDS) (4)
- Clinician-Patient Communication (3)
- Colonoscopy (1)
- Communication (10)
- Community-Acquired Infections (1)
- Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) (1)
- Critical Care (2)
- Data (1)
- Decision Making (2)
- Diagnostic Safety and Quality (4)
- Dialysis (2)
- Disparities (2)
- Education: Continuing Medical Education (6)
- Education: Curriculum (1)
- Education: Patient and Caregiver (3)
- Elderly (6)
- Electronic Health Records (EHRs) (9)
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- Evidence-Based Practice (5)
- Falls (3)
- Guidelines (3)
- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) (18)
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- Inpatient Care (3)
- Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (6)
- Kidney Disease and Health (3)
- Labor and Delivery (2)
- Long-Term Care (4)
- Maternal Care (1)
- Medical Errors (18)
- Medical Liability (7)
- Medicare (2)
- Medication (15)
- Medication: Safety (8)
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (4)
- Mortality (7)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) (2)
- Neurological Disorders (1)
- Newborns/Infants (3)
- Nursing (2)
- Nursing Homes (3)
- Obesity (1)
- Opioids (3)
- Organizational Change (2)
- Orthopedics (1)
- Outcomes (6)
- Pain (1)
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- Patient-Centered Healthcare (2)
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- Patient and Family Engagement (1)
- Patient Experience (1)
- (-) Patient Safety (132)
- Patient Self-Management (1)
- Pneumonia (1)
- Practice-Based Research Network (PBRN) (1)
- Practice Patterns (2)
- Pregnancy (2)
- Pressure Ulcers (2)
- Prevention (17)
- Primary Care (6)
- Provider (5)
- Provider: Health Personnel (5)
- Provider: Pharmacist (3)
- Provider: Physician (1)
- Provider Performance (4)
- Quality Improvement (6)
- Quality Indicators (QIs) (4)
- Quality Measures (5)
- Quality of Care (18)
- Research Methodologies (1)
- Respiratory Conditions (2)
- Risk (10)
- Simulation (1)
- Social Media (1)
- Stress (1)
- Substance Abuse (1)
- Surgery (18)
- Surveys on Patient Safety Culture (1)
- Teams (5)
- Tools & Toolkits (3)
- Training (4)
- Transitions of Care (2)
- Transplantation (1)
- Treatments (3)
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) (1)
- Vaccination (1)
- Web-Based (1)
- Workforce (1)
AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
1 to 25 of 132 Research Studies DisplayedPhillips R, Kennedy J, Jaén C
Transforming physician certification to support physician self-motivation and capacity to improve quality and safety.
The American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) is making strategic investments in the next major evolution of continuous certification. The ABFM is the first certifying board to launch a registry that is designed to support physician capacity for quality assessment, improvement, data-reporting requirements, and population management. The ABFM aims to help physicians maintain the privilege of self-governance by helping them continuously earn it.
AHRQ-funded; HS022583.
Citation: Phillips R, Kennedy J, Jaén C .
Transforming physician certification to support physician self-motivation and capacity to improve quality and safety.
Journal of Enterprise Transformation 2016 Dec 14;6(3-4):162-69. doi: 10.1080/19488289.2016.1216020.
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Keywords: Education: Continuing Medical Education, Quality of Care, Patient Safety, Provider
Metersky ML, Wang Y, Klompas M
Trend in ventilator-associated pneumonia rates between 2005 and 2013.
This study found that, from 2005 through 2013, Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System (MPSMS) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates remained stable and substantial, affecting approximately 10 percent of ventilated patients. Persistently high VAP rates bolster concerns that most interventions purported to reduce VAP are supported by limited evidence.
AHRQ-authored; AHRQ-funded; 290201200003C.
Citation: Metersky ML, Wang Y, Klompas M .
Trend in ventilator-associated pneumonia rates between 2005 and 2013.
JAMA 2016 Dec 13;316(22):2427-29. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.16226.
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Keywords: Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Patient Safety, Evidence-Based Practice
Schiff GD, Reyes Nieva H, Griswold P
Addressing ambulatory safety and malpractice: the Massachusetts PROMISES Project.
The researchers assembled a coalition of safety, regulatory, malpractice, and academic groups and recruited 25 primary care practices of which 16 were selected to receive a multifaceted improvement intervention. They describe how they developed and fielded the intervention, delineating some of the lessons learned in the course of the project and implications for future efforts in this field.
AHRQ-funded; HS019508.
Citation: Schiff GD, Reyes Nieva H, Griswold P .
Addressing ambulatory safety and malpractice: the Massachusetts PROMISES Project.
Health Serv Res 2016 Dec;51 Suppl 3:2634-41. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12621.
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Keywords: Patient Safety, Medical Liability, Primary Care
Press A, Khan S, McCullagh L
Avoiding alert fatigue in pulmonary embolism decision support: a new method to examine 'trigger rates.'
The authors developed a new and innovative usability process named 'sensitivity and specificity trigger analysis' (SSTA) as part of a larger project around a pulmonary embolism decision support tool. They explored a unique methodology, SSTA, used to limit inaccurate triggering of a clinical decision support tool prior to integration into the electronic health record. They concluded that their methodology can be applied to other studies aiming to decrease triggering rates and increase adoption rates of previously validated clinical decision support system tools.
AHRQ-funded; HS022061.
Citation: Press A, Khan S, McCullagh L .
Avoiding alert fatigue in pulmonary embolism decision support: a new method to examine 'trigger rates.'
Evid Based Med 2016 Dec;21(6):203-07. doi: 10.1136/ebmed-2016-110440.
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Keywords: Clinical Decision Support (CDS), Respiratory Conditions, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Provider: Health Personnel, Patient Safety
Russo E, Sittig DF, Murphy DR
Challenges in patient safety improvement research in the era of electronic health records.
The researchers used a case study involving a project on missed or delayed follow-up of test results to discuss real-world challenges in using electronic health records data for patient safety research. They suggested that many current data access and security policies and procedures must be rewritten and standardized across health care organization sin order to advance progress toward safer health care.
AHRQ-funded; HS022901.
Citation: Russo E, Sittig DF, Murphy DR .
Challenges in patient safety improvement research in the era of electronic health records.
Healthc 2016 Dec;4(4):285-90. doi: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2016.06.005.
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Keywords: Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Health Services Research (HSR), Health Information Technology (HIT), Patient Safety, Quality Improvement
Mello MM, Armstrong SJ, Greenberg Y
Challenges of implementing a communication-and-resolution program where multiple organizations must cooperate.
The researchers sought to implement a communication-and-resolution program (CRP) in a setting in which liability insurers and health care facilities must collaborate to resolve incidents involving a facility and separately insured clinicians. They found that sites experienced small victories in resolving particular cases and streamlining some working relationships, but they were unable to successfully implement a collaborative CRP.
AHRQ-funded; HS019531.
Citation: Mello MM, Armstrong SJ, Greenberg Y .
Challenges of implementing a communication-and-resolution program where multiple organizations must cooperate.
Health Serv Res 2016 Dec;51 Suppl 3:2550-68. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12580.
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Keywords: Communication, Medical Errors, Medical Liability, Patient Safety
Burstein PD, Zalenski DM, Edwards JL
Changing labor and delivery practice: focus on achieving practice and documentation standardization with the goal of improving neonatal outcomes.
The researchers established a multifactorial shoulder dystocia response and management protocol to promote sustainable practice change. In the first year, there was a threefold increase in shoulder dystocia reporting, which continued in years 2 and 3. In the first year, 96 percent of clinicians completed all training elements. Overall teams reached a 99 percent adoption rate of the shoulder dystocia protocol.
AHRQ-funded; HS019608.
Citation: Burstein PD, Zalenski DM, Edwards JL .
Changing labor and delivery practice: focus on achieving practice and documentation standardization with the goal of improving neonatal outcomes.
Health Serv Res 2016 Dec;51 Suppl 3:2472-86. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12589.
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Keywords: Labor and Delivery, Newborns/Infants, Adverse Events, Quality Improvement, Quality of Care, Patient Safety, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Outcomes, Guidelines, Evidence-Based Practice, Pregnancy, Teams
Anesi JA, Lautenbach E, Nachamkin I
Clinical and molecular characterization of community-onset urinary tract infections due to extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
The objective of this paper was to evaluate risk factors for and molecular characteristics of community-onset extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) Enterobacteriaceae (EB) urinary tract infections (UTIs) in a US health system. The investigators found that use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, older age, diabetes, and presentation to the emergency department were associated with community-onset ESC-R EB UTI, with a high prevalence of CTX-M among their community isolates.
AHRQ-funded; HS020002.
Citation: Anesi JA, Lautenbach E, Nachamkin I .
Clinical and molecular characterization of community-onset urinary tract infections due to extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016 Dec;37(12):1433-39. doi: 10.1017/ice.2016.225.
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Keywords: Antibiotics, Community-Acquired Infections, Patient Safety, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Gallagher TH, Farrell ML, Karson H
Collaboration with regulators to support quality and accountability following medical errors: The Communication and Resolution Program Certification Pilot.
The Medical Quality Assurance Commission (MQAC, board of medicine) in Washington State has collaborated with the Foundation for Health Care Quality (FHCQ) on the CRP Certification pilot. A panel of physicians, risk managers, and patient advocates at FHCQ will review cases for use of the CRP key elements. After describing the process, the authors concluded that the CRP Certification program is a promising example of collaboration among institutions, insurers, and regulators to promote patient-centered accountability and learning following adverse events.
AHRQ-funded; HS019531.
Citation: Gallagher TH, Farrell ML, Karson H .
Collaboration with regulators to support quality and accountability following medical errors: The Communication and Resolution Program Certification Pilot.
Health Serv Res 2016 Dec;51 Suppl 3:2569-82. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12557.
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Keywords: Adverse Events, Communication, Medical Errors, Medical Liability, Patient Safety, Quality of Care
Profit J, Lee HC, Sharek PJ
Comparing NICU teamwork and safety climate across two commonly used survey instruments.
The objectives of this study were to assess variation in safety and teamwork climate and in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) setting, and compare measurement of safety culture scales using two different instruments (Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) and Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC)). It concluded that large variation and opportunities for improvement in patient safety culture exist across NICUs. Important systematic differences exist between SAQ and HSOPSC.
AHRQ-funded; HS014246.
Citation: Profit J, Lee HC, Sharek PJ .
Comparing NICU teamwork and safety climate across two commonly used survey instruments.
BMJ Qual Saf 2016 Dec;25(12):954-61. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003924.
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Keywords: Hospitals, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Newborns/Infants, Patient Safety, Teams
Brown JR, Rezaee ME, Marshall EJ
Hospital mortality in the United States following acute kidney injury.
This review discusses the epidemiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its association with in-hospital mortality in the United States. Also discussed is the importance of the 71 percent reduction in AKI-related mortality among hospitalized patients in the United States and whether or not this is a phenomenon of hospital billing (coding) or improvements to the management of AKI.
AHRQ-funded; HS018443.
Citation: Brown JR, Rezaee ME, Marshall EJ .
Hospital mortality in the United States following acute kidney injury.
Biomed Res Int 2016;2016:4278579. doi: 10.1155/2016/4278579.
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Keywords: Mortality, Hospitalization, Adverse Events, Patient Safety
Rajaram R, Saddat L, Chung J
Impact of the 2011 ACGME resident duty hour reform on hospital patient experience and processes-of-care.
The investigators evaluated the association between resident duty hour reform and measures of processes-of-care and patient experience. They concluded that the 2011 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hour reform was not associated with improvements in process-of-care and patient experience measures.
AHRQ-funded; HS000078.
Citation: Rajaram R, Saddat L, Chung J .
Impact of the 2011 ACGME resident duty hour reform on hospital patient experience and processes-of-care.
BMJ Qual Saf 2016 Dec;25(12):962-70. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004794.
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Keywords: Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS), Education: Continuing Medical Education, Quality of Care, Patient Experience, Patient Safety
Gallagher TH, Etchegaray JM, Bergstedt B
Improving communication and resolution following adverse events using a patient-created simulation exercise.
The HealthPact Patient and Family Advisory Council (PFAC) created and led a five-stage simulation exercise to help stakeholders understand what patients experience following an adverse event. Take-homes from these exercises included the fact that the response to adverse events can be complex, siloed, and uncoordinated. Participating in this simulation exercise led stakeholders and patient advocates to express interest in continued collaboration.
AHRQ-funded; HS019531.
Citation: Gallagher TH, Etchegaray JM, Bergstedt B .
Improving communication and resolution following adverse events using a patient-created simulation exercise.
Health Serv Res 2016 Dec;51 Suppl 3:2537-49. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12601.
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Keywords: Adverse Events, Clinician-Patient Communication, Medical Errors, Medical Liability, Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient Safety
Cohen B, Murray M, Jia H
Is hand hygiene frequency associated with the onset of outbreaks in pediatric long-term care?
The authors studied the possibility of a correlation between hand hygiene and viral outbreak reduction in pediatric long-term care facilities. Contrary to findings in adult long-term care facilities, they found no association between hand hygiene frequency and subsequent outbreak onset in pediatric long-term care facilities.
AHRQ-funded; HS021470.
Citation: Cohen B, Murray M, Jia H .
Is hand hygiene frequency associated with the onset of outbreaks in pediatric long-term care?
Am J Infect Control 2016 Dec;44(12):1492-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.022.
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Keywords: Prevention, Children/Adolescents, Long-Term Care, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Patient Safety, Children/Adolescents
Ducoffe AR, York A, Hu DJ
AHRQ Author: Perfetto D
National action plan for adverse drug event prevention: recommendations for safer outpatient opioid use.
This article focuses on recommendations from the Adverse Drug Events (ADE) Action Plan to help guide safer opioid use in healthcare delivery settings. Its aim is to discuss current federal methods in place to prevent opioid ADEs while also providing evidence to encourage providers and hospitals to innovate new systems and practices to increase prevention.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Ducoffe AR, York A, Hu DJ .
National action plan for adverse drug event prevention: recommendations for safer outpatient opioid use.
Pain Med 2016 Dec;17(12):2291-304. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnw106.
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Keywords: Prevention, Opioids, Patient Safety, Ambulatory Care and Surgery, Adverse Drug Events (ADE)
Naples JG, Kotlarczyk MP, Perera S
Non-tricyclic and non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and recurrent falls in frail older women.
This study determined the risk of recurrent falls associated with antidepressants other than tricyclics (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) among frail older women. At least 15 percent of women experienced recurrent falls between 0-6 and 6-12 months. At baseline and 6 months, 18.2 percent and 6.9 percent had a non-TCA/non-SSRI antidepressant, respectively. It concluded that non-TCA/non-SSRI antidepressant exposure significantly increased the risk of recurrent falls.
AHRQ-funded; HS023779.
Citation: Naples JG, Kotlarczyk MP, Perera S .
Non-tricyclic and non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and recurrent falls in frail older women.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016 Dec;24(12):1221-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.08.008.
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Keywords: Medication, Elderly, Falls, Patient Safety
Battles JB, Reback KA, Azam I
AHRQ Author: Battles JB, Reback KA, Azam I
Paving the way for progress: the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety and Medical Liability Demonstration Initiative.
AHRQ launched the Patient Safety and Medical Liability (PSML) initiative in 2009. The papers in this issue cover a breadth of topics related to the PSML initiative. Members of the individual Demonstration project teams have authored the majority of the papers. Seven of these papers report outcomes associated with the individual Demonstrations and another four describe tools generated as a part of the interventions.
AHRQ-funded; 233201500029P.
Citation: Battles JB, Reback KA, Azam I .
Paving the way for progress: the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety and Medical Liability Demonstration Initiative.
Health Serv Res 2016 Dec;51 Suppl 3:2401-13. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12632.
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Keywords: Adverse Events, Medical Errors, Medical Liability, Patient Safety, Prevention
Bonafide CP, Brady PW, Daymont C
Physiologic monitor alarms for children: pushing the limits.
This editorial comments on an article by Goel, et al., (2017), published in the Journal of Hospital Medicine, entitled “Safety analysis of proposed data-driven physiologic alarm parameters for hospitalized children.”
AHRQ-funded; HS023827.
Citation: Bonafide CP, Brady PW, Daymont C .
Physiologic monitor alarms for children: pushing the limits.
J Hosp Med 2016 Dec;11(12):886-87. doi: 10.1002/jhm.2638..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Hospitalization, Patient Safety
Ridgely MS, Greenberg MD, Pillen MB
Progress at the intersection of patient safety and medical liability: insights from the AHRQ Patient Safety and Medical Liability Demonstration Program.
This article identifies lessons learned from the experience of AHRQ’s Patient Safety and Medical Liability (PSML) Demonstration Program. The demonstration lends credence to the idea that targeted interventions that improve some aspect of patient safety or malpractice performance may also contribute more broadly to institutional culture and the alignment of all parties around reducing risk and preventing harm.
AHRQ-funded; 290200710073T.
Citation: Ridgely MS, Greenberg MD, Pillen MB .
Progress at the intersection of patient safety and medical liability: insights from the AHRQ Patient Safety and Medical Liability Demonstration Program.
Health Serv Res 2016 Dec;51 Suppl 3:2414-30. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12625.
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Keywords: Patient Safety, Medical Liability, Adverse Events, Medical Errors
Brown JR, Rezaee ME, Hisey WM
Reduced mortality associated with acute kidney injury requiring dialysis in the United States.
The researchers describe the epidemiology of dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D) as well as associated in-hospital mortality in the US. They found that the incidence rate of AKI-D has increased considerably in the US since 2001. However, in-hospital mortality associated with AKI-D hospital admissions has decreased significantly. AHRQ-funded; HS018443.
AHRQ-funded; HS018443.
Citation: Brown JR, Rezaee ME, Hisey WM .
Reduced mortality associated with acute kidney injury requiring dialysis in the United States.
Am J Nephrol 2016;43(4):261-70. doi: 10.1159/000445846.
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Keywords: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Adverse Events, Mortality, Patient Safety, Kidney Disease and Health
Peterson LR, Boehm S, Beaumont JL
Reduction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in long-term care is possible while maintaining patient socialization: a prospective randomized clinical trial.
The researchers sought to demonstrate that a novel, minimally invasive program not interfering with activities of daily living or socialization could lower methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disease in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). They found that the MRSA infection rate decreased 65% between baseline and year 2, with a significant reduction observed at each of the three participating LTCFs. They concluded that on-site MRSA surveillance with targeted decolonization resulted in a significant decrease in clinical MRSA infection among LTCF residents.
AHRQ-funded; HS019968.
Citation: Peterson LR, Boehm S, Beaumont JL .
Reduction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in long-term care is possible while maintaining patient socialization: a prospective randomized clinical trial.
Am J Infect Control 2016 Dec;44(12):1622-27. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.04.251.
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Keywords: Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Long-Term Care, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Patient Safety, Prevention
Broecker M, Ponto K, Tredinnick R
SafeHOME: promoting safe transitions to the home.
This paper introduces the SafeHome Simulator system, a set of immersive Virtual Reality Training tools and display systems to train patients in safe discharge procedures in captured environments of their actual houses. The aim is to lower patient readmission by significantly improving discharge planning and training. The SafeHOME Simulator is a project currently under review.
AHRQ-funded; HS022548.
Citation: Broecker M, Ponto K, Tredinnick R .
SafeHOME: promoting safe transitions to the home.
Stud Health Technol Inform 2016;220:51-4.
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Keywords: Transitions of Care, Health Information Technology (HIT), Patient Safety, Patient Self-Management, Hospital Discharge
Musuuza JS, Hundt AS, Zimbric M
Standardizing direct observation for assessing compliance to a daily chlorhexidine bathing protocol among hospitalized patients.
This paper describes the authors' experience training observers to conduct chlorhexidine gluconate bathing observations, and they present findings from pilot observations.
AHRQ-funded; HS024039.
Citation: Musuuza JS, Hundt AS, Zimbric M .
Standardizing direct observation for assessing compliance to a daily chlorhexidine bathing protocol among hospitalized patients.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016 Dec;37(12):1516-18. doi: 10.1017/ice.2016.214.
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Keywords: Guidelines, Quality of Care, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Patient Safety, Prevention
Lambert BL, Centomani NM, Smith KM
The "Seven Pillars" response to patient safety incidents: effects on medical liability processes and outcomes.
This study's objective was to determine whether a communication and resolution approach to patient harm is associated with changes in medical liability processes and outcomes. It found that the intervention nearly doubled the number of incident reports, halved the number of claims, and reduced legal fees and costs as well as total costs per claim, settlement amounts, and self-insurance costs. The study found that a communication and optimal resolution (CANDOR) approach to adverse events was associated with long-lasting, clinically and financially significant changes in a large set of core medical liability process and outcome measures.
AHRQ-funded; HS019565.
Citation: Lambert BL, Centomani NM, Smith KM .
The "Seven Pillars" response to patient safety incidents: effects on medical liability processes and outcomes.
Health Serv Res 2016 Dec;51 Suppl 3:2491-515. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12548.
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Keywords: Adverse Events, Medical Liability, Medical Errors, Communication, Patient Safety
Burnham CA, Hogan PG, Wallace MA
Topical decolonization does not eradicate the skin microbiota of community-dwelling or hospitalized adults.
The authors compared microbial communities and levels of richness and diversity in community-dwelling subjects and in intensive care unit patients before and after the use of topical decolonization protocols. They found a reduction in S. aureus without eradicating endogenous microbiota.
AHRQ-funded; HS021736; HS024269.
Citation: Burnham CA, Hogan PG, Wallace MA .
Topical decolonization does not eradicate the skin microbiota of community-dwelling or hospitalized adults.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016 Dec;60(12):7303-12. doi: 10.1128/aac.01289-16.
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Keywords: Antimicrobial Stewardship, Antibiotics, Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Patient Safety