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AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
676 to 700 of 756 Research Studies DisplayedBrooks JM, Cook E, Chapman CG
Statin use after acute myocardial infarction by patient complexity: are the rates right?
The researchers assessed the benefits and risks associated with higher rates of statin use after AMI by baseline patient complexity. Their results provide strong evidence that providers were attempting to individualize statin prescribing to patients after AMI. Statin users after AMI were less complex and had higher rates of prior statin use.
AHRQ-funded; HS019574.
Citation: Brooks JM, Cook E, Chapman CG .
Statin use after acute myocardial infarction by patient complexity: are the rates right?
Med Care 2015 Apr;53(4):324-31. doi: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000000322..
Keywords: Patient Safety, Risk, Cardiovascular Conditions, Heart Disease and Health, Medication
Harris AD, Fleming B, Bromberg JS
Surgical site infection after renal transplantation.
The researchers sought to identify factors associated with the development of surgical site infection (SSI) among adult patients undergoing renal transplantation. They found that BMI was a risk factor for the development of SSI following renal transplantation. Somewhat surprisingly, they did not find other biologically plausible or transplant-specific risk factors such as presence of comorbid conditions or receipt of appropriate (type and dose) antibiotic prophylaxis.
AHRQ-funded; HS022291.
Citation: Harris AD, Fleming B, Bromberg JS .
Surgical site infection after renal transplantation.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015 Apr;36(4):417-23. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.77..
Keywords: Transplantation, Surgery, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Injuries and Wounds, Risk, Adverse Events
Walsh T, Bertozzi-Villa C, Schneider JA
Systematic review of racial disparities in human papillomavirus-associated anal dysplasia and anal cancer among men who have sex with men.
The researchers systematically reviewed the literature on anal human papillomavirus (HPV)infection, dysplasia, and cancer among Black and White men who have sex with men (MSM) to determine if a racial disparity exists. They determined that studies involving Black MSM are nearly absent from the literature. Of 25 eligible studies, 2 stratified by race and sexual behavior. Both reported an elevated rate of abnormal anal outcomes among Black MSM.
AHRQ-funded; HS023050.
Citation: Walsh T, Bertozzi-Villa C, Schneider JA .
Systematic review of racial disparities in human papillomavirus-associated anal dysplasia and anal cancer among men who have sex with men.
Am J Public Health 2015 Apr;105(4):e34-45. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302469..
Keywords: Disparities, Sexual Health, Risk
Bateman BT, Hernandez-Diaz S, Fischer MA
Statins and congenital malformations: cohort study.
The researchers undertook an epidemiologic study to assess the association between statin use in the first trimester and the risk of congenital malformations, using data derived from a large cohort of Medicaid beneficiaries. They found that women taking statins during the first trimester of pregnancy were at an increased risk of delivering an infant with malformations. The association was explained by underlying characteristics of users, mainly pre-existing diabetes.
AHRQ-funded; HS018533.
Citation: Bateman BT, Hernandez-Diaz S, Fischer MA .
Statins and congenital malformations: cohort study.
BMJ 2015 Mar 17;350:h1035. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1035..
Keywords: Pregnancy, Medication, Risk, Newborns/Infants
Abraham AG, Althoff KN, Jing Y
End-stage renal disease among HIV-infected adults in North America.
Given the many potential contributors to ESRD risk, the goal of this study was to assess the relative contributions of clinical and demographic factors to ESRD. It found that HIV-infected ESRD cases were more likely to be of black race, have diabetes mellitus or hypertension, inject drugs, and/or have a prior AIDS-defining illness.
AHRQ-funded; 290201100007C.
Citation: Abraham AG, Althoff KN, Jing Y .
End-stage renal disease among HIV-infected adults in North America.
Clin Infect Dis 2015 Mar 15;60(6):941-9. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu919..
Keywords: Kidney Disease and Health, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Risk, Diabetes
Mabry-Hernandez I, Chu K
AHRQ Author: Mabry-Hernandez I
Screening for oral cancer.
This case study involves a 35-year-old man with a 15-year history of using chewing tobacco. It poses three multiple choice questions together with the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations and related background information.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Mabry-Hernandez I, Chu K .
Screening for oral cancer.
Am Fam Physician 2015 Mar 15;91(6):387-8..
Keywords: Cancer, Tobacco Use, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Risk, Case Study
Friedant AJ, Gouse BM, Boehme AK
A simple prediction score for developing a hospital-acquired infection after acute ischemic stroke.
The authors sought to develop a simple scoring system for any hospital-acquired infection (HAI). Ranging from 0 to 7, the overall infection score consists of age 70 years or more, history of diabetes, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. Patients with an infection score of 4 or more were at 5 times greater odds of developing an infection. They concluded that, if validated in other populations, this score could assist providers in predicting infections after ischemic stroke.
AHRQ-funded; HS013852.
Citation: Friedant AJ, Gouse BM, Boehme AK .
A simple prediction score for developing a hospital-acquired infection after acute ischemic stroke.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015 Mar;24(3):680-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.11.014.
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Keywords: Decision Making, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Risk, Stroke
Bateman BT, Huybrechts KF, Fischer MA
Chronic hypertension in pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations: a cohort study.
The researchers sought to examine the effect of chronic hypertension on the risk of congenital malformations in a large cohort of pregnancies in Medicaid beneficiaries. In a cohort of 878,126 pregnancies, they found that both treated and untreated maternal chronic hypertension were associated with a similar 20-30 percent increase in the risk of congenital malformations in the infant after adjusting for confounding factors as compared with normotensive controls.
AHRQ-funded; HS018533.
Citation: Bateman BT, Huybrechts KF, Fischer MA .
Chronic hypertension in pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations: a cohort study.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015 Mar;212(3):337.e1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.09.031..
Keywords: Blood Pressure, Chronic Conditions, Pregnancy, Risk, Maternal Care, Women
Aycock DM, Kirkendoll KD, Coleman KC
Family history of stroke among African Americans and its association with risk factors, knowledge, perceptions, and exercise.
The authors compared modifiable risk factors, knowledge of stroke risk factors, perceived threat of stroke, perceived control of stroke, and exercise behaviors and intentions in African Americans with a family history of stroke (FHS) and those without a FHS. They found that family history of stroke was common among those studied; however, this fact did not translate into better understanding of stroke or better exercise behaviors and intentions. They recommended that more be done to identify African Americans with a FHS, especially those with multiple risk factors, in order to educate them about the significance of FHS while promoting lifestyle change and self-management.
AHRQ-funded; HS013852.
Citation: Aycock DM, Kirkendoll KD, Coleman KC .
Family history of stroke among African Americans and its association with risk factors, knowledge, perceptions, and exercise.
J Cardiovasc Nurs 2015 Mar-Apr;30(2):E1-6. doi: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000125.
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Keywords: Education: Patient and Caregiver, Family Health and History, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Risk, Stroke
Alcantara C, Muntner P, Edmondson D
Perfect storm: concurrent stress and depressive symptoms increase risk of myocardial infarction or death.
A recently offered psychosocial perfect storm conceptual model hypothesizes amplified risk will occur in those with concurrent stress and depressive symptoms. The authors tested this hypothesis in a large sample of US adults with coronary heart disease. They found that those with low stress and high depressive symptoms or high stress and low depressive symptoms were not at increased risk, while participants with concurrent high stress and high depressive symptoms had increased risk for myocardial infarction or death relative to those with low stress and low depressive symptoms. They concluded that their results provide initial support for a psychosocial perfect storm conceptual model.
AHRQ-funded; HS023009.
Citation: Alcantara C, Muntner P, Edmondson D .
Perfect storm: concurrent stress and depressive symptoms increase risk of myocardial infarction or death.
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2015 Mar;8(2):146-54. doi: 10.1161/circoutcomes.114.001180.
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Keywords: Depression, Heart Disease and Health, Mortality, Risk, Stress
Wu YW, Kuzniewicz MW, Wickremasinghe AC
Risk for cerebral palsy in infants with total serum bilirubin levels at or above the exchange transfusion threshold: a population-based study.
The researchers sought to quantify the risks for cerebral palsy (CP) and CP consistent with kernicterus that are associated with high with total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels based on the 2004 American Academy of Pediatrics exchange transfusion threshold (ETT) guidelines. They condcluded that CP consistent with kernicterus occurred only in infants with 2 or more risk factors for neurotoxicity and TSB levels of more than 5 mg/dL above the ETT.
AHRQ-funded; HS020618.
Citation: Wu YW, Kuzniewicz MW, Wickremasinghe AC .
Risk for cerebral palsy in infants with total serum bilirubin levels at or above the exchange transfusion threshold: a population-based study.
JAMA Pediatr 2015 Mar;169(3):239-46. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3036.
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Keywords: Newborns/Infants, Risk, Children/Adolescents
Olsen MA, Nickel KB, Wallace AE
Stratification of surgical site infection by operative factors and comparison of infection rates after hernia repair.
The researchers investigated whether operative factors are associated with risk of surgical site infection (SSI) after hernia repair. After analyzing a total of 119,973 hernia repair procedures, they found that the incidence of SSI was highest after open procedures, incisional/ventral repairs, and hernia repairs with bowel obstruction necrosis.
AHRQ-funded; HS019713.
Citation: Olsen MA, Nickel KB, Wallace AE .
Stratification of surgical site infection by operative factors and comparison of infection rates after hernia repair.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015 Mar;36(3):329-35. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.44..
Keywords: Surgery, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Injuries and Wounds, Adverse Events, Risk, Patient Safety
Kozminski MA, Kozminski DJ, Roberts WW
Symptomatic subcapsular and perinephric hematoma following ureteroscopic lithotripsy for renal calculi.
The researchers sought to document the rate of and risk factors for the rare complication of symptomatic renal hematoma following ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) for renal calculi. They found that, while symptomatic hematoma is a complication of URSL, the rate of such outcome (0.8 percent) is far less than that reported by prior series with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
AHRQ-funded; HS020927.
Citation: Kozminski MA, Kozminski DJ, Roberts WW .
Symptomatic subcapsular and perinephric hematoma following ureteroscopic lithotripsy for renal calculi.
J Endourol 2015 Mar;29(3):277-82. doi: 10.1089/end.2014.0176..
Keywords: Kidney Disease and Health, Patient Safety, Risk, Adverse Events
Navar-Boggan AM, Peterson ED, D'Agostino RB
Hyperlipidemia in early adulthood increases long-term risk of coronary heart disease.
The researchers evaluated the association between years of exposure to high cholesterol levels in early adulthood and future coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. They found that cumulative exposure to hyperlipidemia in the fourth and fifth decades of life is associated with a substantially increased risk of CHD in a dose-responsive fashion, even among adults otherwise predicted to have low risk of cardiovascular disease.
AHRQ-funded; HS021092
Citation: Navar-Boggan AM, Peterson ED, D'Agostino RB .
Hyperlipidemia in early adulthood increases long-term risk of coronary heart disease.
Circulation. 2015 Feb 3;131(5):451-8. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.012477..
Keywords: Heart Disease and Health, Cardiovascular Conditions, Risk
Unni S, Yao Y, Milne N
An evaluation of clinical risk factors for estimating fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis using an electronic medical record database.
The researchers sought to identify variables in an EMR database for calculating fracture risk Assessment (FRAX) score in a cohort of postmenopausal women, to estimate absolute fracture risk. They found that mean 10-year risk for any major fracture was 11.1 percent when bone mineral density (BMD) was used and 11.2 percent when BMI was used.
AHRQ-funded; HS0018582.
Citation: Unni S, Yao Y, Milne N .
An evaluation of clinical risk factors for estimating fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis using an electronic medical record database.
Osteoporos Int 2015 Feb;26(2):581-7. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-2899-7..
Keywords: Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Injuries and Wounds, Risk, Osteoporosis, Health Information Technology (HIT)
Gibbons RD, Coca Perraillon M, Hur K
Antidepressant treatment and suicide attempts and self-inflicted injury in children and adolescents.
This study explores the relationship between antidepressant treatment and suicide attempt and self-inflicted injury in depressed children ages 5–17. Using two large claim datasets (LifeLink and MarketScan), the researchers find that after taking into account the time-varying effect of confounders, the apparent link between antidepressant use and suicide attempts and self-inflicted injury is diminished and not statistically significant.
AHRQ-funded; HS021093; HS000084
Citation: Gibbons RD, Coca Perraillon M, Hur K .
Antidepressant treatment and suicide attempts and self-inflicted injury in children and adolescents.
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2015 Feb;24(2):208-14. doi: 10.1002/pds.3713..
Keywords: Medication, Children/Adolescents, Depression, Risk
Sarpatwari A, Franklin JM, Avorn J
Are risk evaluation and mitigation strategies associated with less off-label use of medications? The case of immune thrombocytopenia.
Using data from a large commercial health insurer, the researchers studied prescribing of two drugs for primary immune thrombocytopenia for which risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) with elements to assure safe use were initially imposed and then removed. Their finding of an association with reduced off-label prescribing suggests that REMS with elements to assure safe use can help promote patient safety but may also prevent promising off-label drug uses.
AHRQ-funded; HS018465.
Citation: Sarpatwari A, Franklin JM, Avorn J .
Are risk evaluation and mitigation strategies associated with less off-label use of medications? The case of immune thrombocytopenia.
Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015 Feb;97(2):186-93. doi: 10.1002/cpt.17..
Keywords: Medication, Risk, Patient Safety
Klevens J, Barnett SB, Florence C
Exploring policies for the reduction of child physical abuse and neglect.
This article identifies 37 state policies that might have impacts on the social determinants of child maltreatment and utilizes the available data to explore effects of 11 policies. There were two policies that were significantly associated with decreased child maltreatment rates: lack of waitlists to access subsidized child care and policies that facilitate continuity of child health care.
AHRQ-funded; HS013853.
Citation: Klevens J, Barnett SB, Florence C .
Exploring policies for the reduction of child physical abuse and neglect.
Child Abuse Negl 2015 Feb;40:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.013.
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Keywords: Domestic Violence, Children/Adolescents, Policy, Risk
Steinman BA, Allen SM, Chen J
Functional limitations as potential mediators of the effects of self-reported vision status on fall risk of older adults.
The purpose of this study was to examine mediating effects of two indices of physical functioning (mobility and large-muscle functioning) on self-reported vision status, as it relates to falls in older adults. Limited evidence was found for a mediating effect among women; however, large-muscle groups were implicated as partially mediating risk factors for falls among men with fair self-reported vision status.
AHRQ-funded; HS000011.
Citation: Steinman BA, Allen SM, Chen J .
Functional limitations as potential mediators of the effects of self-reported vision status on fall risk of older adults.
J Aging Health 2015 Feb;27(1):158-76. doi: 10.1177/0898264314543473..
Keywords: Elderly, Falls, Eye Disease and Health, Risk
Ko EM, Sturmer T, Hong JL
Metformin and the risk of endometrial cancer: a population-based cohort study.
The researchers sought to estimate the risk of incident endometrial cancer in women who were new users of metformin compared to new users of sulfonylureas. They did not find a difference in cancer incidence in new initiators of metformin compared with sulfonylureas in the population under study.
AHRQ-funded; HS017950.
Citation: Ko EM, Sturmer T, Hong JL .
Metformin and the risk of endometrial cancer: a population-based cohort study.
Gynecol Oncol 2015 Feb;136(2):341-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.12.001..
Keywords: Comparative Effectiveness, Cancer, Medication, Risk
Olfson M, Gerhard T
Re-examining antidepressant risk of self-injury in children and adolescents.
This commentary discusses issues raised in the study by Gibbons, et al. that focused on the association between antidepressant treatment and risk of medically injurious self-inflicted harm in young people diagnosed with depression. One example is the threat of unmeasured confounding that arises from the wide range of self-injury risk factors that are not represented in claims data.
AHRQ-funded; HS021112.
Citation: Olfson M, Gerhard T .
Re-examining antidepressant risk of self-injury in children and adolescents.
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2015 Feb;24(2):215-7. doi: 10.1002/pds.3737..
Keywords: Medication, Children/Adolescents, Depression, Risk
Hannan EL, Qian F, Pine M
The value of adding laboratory data to coronary artery bypass grafting registry data to improve models for risk-adjusting provider mortality rates.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of laboratory data to the clinical database for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) would identify laboratory variables that are significant independent predictors of short-term (in-hospital / 30-day) mortality. The researchers found that there was no significant difference in the discrimination of the registry model or the combined registry/laboratory model.
AHRQ-funded; HS019965.
Citation: Hannan EL, Qian F, Pine M .
The value of adding laboratory data to coronary artery bypass grafting registry data to improve models for risk-adjusting provider mortality rates.
Ann Thorac Surg 2015 Feb;99(2):495-501. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.08.043..
Keywords: Registries, Mortality, Risk, Surgery, Data
Ault MJ, Rosen BT, Scher J
Thoracentesis outcomes: a 12-year experience.
The researchers evaluated specific demographic and clinical factors that have been commonly associated with complications such as iatrogenic pneumothorax, re-expansion pulmonary edema and bleeding. They found that thoracenteses had a very low complication rate and concluded that current clinical guidelines and practice patterns may not reflect evidence-based best practices.
AHRQ-funded; HS021202.
Citation: Ault MJ, Rosen BT, Scher J .
Thoracentesis outcomes: a 12-year experience.
Thorax 2015 Feb;70(2):127-32. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206114..
Keywords: Risk, Evidence-Based Practice, Respiratory Conditions, Respiratory Conditions, Outcomes
Lee K, Rossi C
AHRQ Author: Lee K
Risk assessment, genetic counseling, and genetic testing for BRCA-related cancer in women.
L.M. is a 37-year-old nonsmoking woman who is not taking any medications and has no significant past medical problems. As breast cancer runs in her family, she is interested in genetic testing for breast cancer. This case study poses three multiple choice questions together with the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations and related background information.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Lee K, Rossi C .
Risk assessment, genetic counseling, and genetic testing for BRCA-related cancer in women.
Am Fam Physician 2015 Jan 15;91(2):119-20.
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Keywords: Cancer, Cancer: Breast Cancer, Case Study, Family Health and History, Genetics, Prevention, Risk, Screening, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Women
Chang SH, Luo S, O'Brian KK
Association between metformin use and progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma in US veterans with diabetes mellitus: a population-based retrospective cohort study.
The authors assessed the association between metformin use and progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma. They found that metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of progression to multiple myeloma.
AHRQ-funded; HS022330.
Citation: Chang SH, Luo S, O'Brian KK .
Association between metformin use and progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma in US veterans with diabetes mellitus: a population-based retrospective cohort study.
Lancet Haematol 2015 Jan;2(1):e30-6. doi: 10.1016/s2352-3026(14)00037-4.
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Keywords: Diabetes, Medication, Outcomes, Risk