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Research Studies is a monthly compilation of research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers and recently published in journals or newsletters.
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1 to 25 of 77 Research Studies Displayed
Haque W, Ahmadzada M, Janumpally S
Adherence to a federal hospital price transparency rule and associated financial and marketplace factors.
This research letter describes a study that evaluated adherence to the federal Hospital Price Transparency Rule 6 to 9 months after the final rule effective date (January 1, 2021). The rule’s aim is to increase health price transparency and facilitation patient price shopping online. Hospitals were required to post 5 price types: gross charges, discounted prices, payer-specific negotiated prices, minimum and maximum prices in a machine-readable file, and a separate accessible display or price estimator for at least 300 shoppable items. The authors used the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure inpatient hospital market concentration. The data was collected for 185 of 929 core-based statistical areas from 2019. HHI is divided into the following categories: unconcentrated, moderately concentrated, or highly or very concentrated. Results showed that out of 5239 total hospitals, 729 (13.9%) had an adherent machine-readable file but no shoppable display, 1542 (29.4%) had an adherent shoppable display but no machine-readable file, and 300 (5.7%) had both. The most adherent hospitals tended to be acute care hospitals with lesser revenue per patient-day, within unconcentrated health care markets, and in urban areas.
AHRQ-funded; HS026980.
Citation:
Haque W, Ahmadzada M, Janumpally S .
Adherence to a federal hospital price transparency rule and associated financial and marketplace factors.
JAMA 2022 Jun 7;327(21):2143-45. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.5363..
Keywords:
Policy, Hospitals, Healthcare Costs
Eliason EL, MacDougall H, Peterson L
Understanding the aggressive practices of nonprofit hospitals in pursuit of patient debt.
This study examined the prevalence of extraordinary collection actions (ECAs) and characteristics of nonprofit hospitals that reported this behavior from 2010 to 2016. The authors used Community Benefit Insight data to compare these hospitals with ones that did not report these practices. ECAs include reporting patient debt to credit and collection agencies, filing lawsuits, placing liens on residences, and issuing civil arrest. Hospitals that reported ECAs significantly differed in total revenue, system membership, bed size, urban location, financial assistance policy use, and use of poverty guidelines for discounted care. Lower total hospital revenue was a significant predictor of ECAs.
AHRQ-funded; HS000084.
Citation:
Eliason EL, MacDougall H, Peterson L .
Understanding the aggressive practices of nonprofit hospitals in pursuit of patient debt.
Health Soc Work 2022 Jan 31;47(1):36-44. doi: 10.1093/hsw/hlab034..
Keywords:
Hospitals, Healthcare Costs, Policy
Sood N, Yang Z, Huckfeldt P
Geographic variation in Medicare fee-for-service health care expenditures before and after the passage of the Affordable Care Act.
This cross-section study examined geographic variation in Medicare fee-for-service health care expenditures before and after the passage of the Affordable Care Act. The study included all fee-for-service Medicare enrollees aged 65 and older from 2007 to 2018 using data from the Medicare Geographic Variation Public Use File. Hospital referral regions (HRRs) were grouped in each year into deciles (10 equal groups) based on per-beneficiary total spending. Geographic variation was stable from 2007 to 2011 and declined steadily from 2012 through 2018. In specific spending categories, only home health had statistically significant reductions in geographic variation. The ratio of home health spending among HRRs in the top to bottom deciles of total Medicare spending fell from 5.14 in 2007 to 3.45 in 2018.
AHRQ-funded; HS025394.
Citation:
Sood N, Yang Z, Huckfeldt P .
Geographic variation in Medicare fee-for-service health care expenditures before and after the passage of the Affordable Care Act.
JAMA Health Forum 2021 Dec;2(12):e214122. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.4122..
Keywords:
Medicare, Policy, Healthcare Costs, Payment
Jacobs PD, Kronick R
The effects of coding intensity in Medicare Advantage on plan benefits and finances.
The authors assessed how beneficiary premiums, expected out-of-pocket costs, and plan finances in the Medicare Advantage (MA) market are related to coding intensity. The study sample included beneficiaries enrolled in both MA and Part D from 2008-2015; Medicare claims and drug utilization data for Traditional Medicare beneficiaries were used to calibrate an independent measure of health risk. The authors found that, while coding intensity increased taxpayers' costs of the MA program, enrollees and plans both benefitted but with larger gains for plans. They concluded that the adoption of policies to adjust more completely for coding intensity would likely affect both beneficiaries and plan profits.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation:
Jacobs PD, Kronick R .
The effects of coding intensity in Medicare Advantage on plan benefits and finances.
Health Serv Res 2021 Apr;56(2):178-87. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13591..
Keywords:
Medicare, Health Insurance, Healthcare Costs, Policy
Chen G, Lewis VA, Gottlieb D
Estimating heterogeneous effects of a policy intervention across organizations when organization affiliation is missing for the control group: application to the evaluation of accountable care organizations.
This study looked at the effects of accountable care organizations (ACOs) on lowering health care costs and reducing the rate of hospital readmissions. The authors used Medicare fee-for-service claims data from 2009-2014 to estimate the heterogenous effects of Medicare ACO programs on hospital admissions across hospital referral regions and provider groups. The results suggested that the ACO programs reduced the rate of readmission to hospitals, and that the effect of joining an ACO varied considerably across medical groups.
AHRQ-funded; HS024075.
Citation:
Chen G, Lewis VA, Gottlieb D .
Estimating heterogeneous effects of a policy intervention across organizations when organization affiliation is missing for the control group: application to the evaluation of accountable care organizations.
Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol 2021 Mar;21(1):54-68. doi: 10.1007/s10742-020-00230-8..
Keywords:
Medicare, Policy, Healthcare Costs, Hospital Readmissions, Health Insurance
Modi PK, Kaufman SR, Caram ME
Medicare Accountable Care Organizations and the adoption of new surgical technology.
Dissemination of new surgical technology is a major contributor to healthcare spending growth. Accountable care organization (ACO) policy aims to control spending while maintaining quality. As a result, ACOs provide incentive for hospitals to selectively adopt newer procedures with high value. In this retrospective cohort study the investigators concluded that despite ACO policy incentives to selectively adopt newer surgical technology, ACO participation was not associated with differences in rate of surgery or use of newer surgical technology for 6 major surgical procedures.
AHRQ-funded; HS025707.
Citation:
Modi PK, Kaufman SR, Caram ME .
Medicare Accountable Care Organizations and the adoption of new surgical technology.
J Am Coll Surg 2021 Feb;232(2):138-45.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.10.016..
Keywords:
Medicare, Surgery, Policy, Healthcare Costs
Polsky D, Wu B
Provider networks and health plan premium variation.
The purpose of this study was to examine how plan premiums are associated with physician network breadth, hospital network breadth, and hospital network quality on the Affordable Care Act's Health Insurance Marketplaces in all 50 states and the DC in 2016. The investigators concluded that physician network breadth and hospital network breadth contributed positively to plan premiums.
AHRQ-funded; HS025976.
Citation:
Polsky D, Wu B .
Provider networks and health plan premium variation.
Health Serv Res 2021 Feb;56(1):16-24. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13447..
Keywords:
Health Insurance, Healthcare Costs, Policy, Access to Care
Fung V, Price M, Hull P
Assessment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's increase in fees for primary care and access to care for dual-eligible beneficiaries.
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the Affordable Care Act (ACA) fee bump and primary care visits for dual-eligible Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. Medicare claims data from 2012 to 2016 was used. Findings showed that the ACA fee bump was not associated with increases in primary care visits for dual-eligible Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. Additionally, visits for dual-eligible beneficiaries with primary care physicians decreased after the ACA, a decrease that was partially offset by increases in visits with nonphysician clinicians.
AHRQ-funded; HS024725; HS025378.
Citation:
Fung V, Price M, Hull P .
Assessment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's increase in fees for primary care and access to care for dual-eligible beneficiaries.
JAMA Netw Open 2021 Jan;4(1):e2033424. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33424..
Keywords:
Access to Care, Medicaid, Medicare, Health Insurance, Healthcare Costs, Policy
Myong C, Hull P, Price M
The impact of funding for federally qualified health centers on utilization and emergency department visits in Massachusetts.
This retrospective study examined the impact of funding for federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) on utilization and emergency department (ED) visits in Massachusetts. The authors theorized that greater funding for FQHCs could increase the local availability of clinic-based care and reduce more costly resource use, such as ED visits. Data from the Massachusetts All Payer Claims Database (APCD) 2010-2013 was used that included enrollees in 559 Massachusetts ZIP codes (2010 numbers 6,173,563). They calculated shift-share predictions of changes in FQHC funding at the ZIP code-level for FQHCs that received Community Health Center funds in any year. They found that a standard deviation increase in prior year FQHC funding (31%) was associated with a 2.3% increase in enrollees with FQHC visits and a 1.3% decrease in enrollees at EDs. However, there were no significant changes in emergent ED visit rates.
AHRQ-funded; HS025378.
Citation:
Myong C, Hull P, Price M .
The impact of funding for federally qualified health centers on utilization and emergency department visits in Massachusetts.
PLoS One 2020 Dec 3;15(12):e0243279. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243279..
Keywords:
Community-Based Practice, Healthcare Utilization, Emergency Department, Healthcare Costs, Access to Care, Vulnerable Populations, Policy
Friedman S, Xu H, Azocar F
Carve-out plan financial requirements associated with national behavioral health parity.
The authors examined changes in carve-out financial requirements following the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA). They found that the MHPAEA was associated with increased generosity in most observed financial requirements, but increased use of deductibles may have reduced generosity for some patients.
AHRQ-funded; HS024866.
Citation:
Friedman S, Xu H, Azocar F .
Carve-out plan financial requirements associated with national behavioral health parity.
Health Serv Res 2020 Dec;55(6):924-31. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13542..
Keywords:
Behavioral Health, Healthcare Costs, Health Insurance, Access to Care, Policy
Ibrahim AM, Nuliyalu U, Lawton EJ
Evaluation of US hospital episode spending for acute inpatient conditions after the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
This study evaluated the association between enactment of Affordable Care Act (ACA) reforms and 30-day price standardized hospital episode spending for Medicare patients. Reforms to reduce spending were targeted to acute care hospitals and often focused on specific diagnoses such as acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia. The policy evaluation included index discharges between January 2008 and August 31, 2015 from a random 20% sample of Medicare beneficiaries. Three different estimation approaches were used to evaluate the association between reforms and episode spending: difference-in-difference (DID) analysis among acute care hospitals; a DID analysis comparing acute care hospitals and critical care hospitals; and a generalized synthetic control analysis, comparing acute care and critical access hospitals. A total of 7,634,242 index discharges were included. All 3 approaches found that ACA-associated spending reforms were associated with a significant reduction in episode spending.
AHRQ-funded; HS024525; HS024728.
Citation:
Ibrahim AM, Nuliyalu U, Lawton EJ .
Evaluation of US hospital episode spending for acute inpatient conditions after the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
JAMA Netw Open 2020 Nov 2;3(11):e2023926. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23926..
Keywords:
Elderly, Policy, Hospitals, Medicare, Healthcare Costs
Dalton VK, Moniz MH, Bailey MJ
Trends in birth rates after elimination of cost sharing for contraception by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Researchers evaluated changes in birth rates by income level among commercially insured women before (2008-2013) and after (2014-2018) the elimination of cost sharing for contraception under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The analytic sample included over 4.5 million women enrolled in 47,721 health plans. In this cross-sectional study, the researchers found that the elimination of cost sharing for contraception under the ACA was associated with improvements in contraceptive method prescription fills and a decrease in births among commercially insured women. Women with low income had more precipitous decreases than women with higher income, suggesting that enhanced access to contraception may address well-documented income-related disparities in unintended birth rates.
AHRQ-funded; HS025465; HS023784.
Citation:
Dalton VK, Moniz MH, Bailey MJ .
Trends in birth rates after elimination of cost sharing for contraception by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
JAMA Netw Open 2020 Nov 2;3(11):e2024398. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24398..
Keywords:
Policy, Health Insurance, Women, Healthcare Costs, Pregnancy, Sexual Health
Wisk LE, Peltz A, Galbraith AA
Changes in health care-related financial burden for US families with children associated with the Affordable Care Act.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) sought to improve access and affordability of health insurance. Although most ACA policies targeted childless adults, the extent to which these policies also impacted families with children remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in health care-related financial burden for US families with children before and after the ACA was implemented based on income eligibility for ACA policies.
AHRQ-funded; HS024700.
Citation:
Wisk LE, Peltz A, Galbraith AA .
Changes in health care-related financial burden for US families with children associated with the Affordable Care Act.
JAMA Pediatr 2020 Nov;174(11):1032-40. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3973..
Keywords:
Children/Adolescents, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), Healthcare Costs, Health Insurance, Policy, Access to Care
Roberts ET, Nimgaonkar A, Aarons J
New evidence of state variation in Medicaid payment policies for dual Medicare-Medicaid enrollees.
The authors developed the first longitudinal database of state Medicaid policies for paying the cost sharing in Medicare Part B for services provided to dual Medicare-Medicaid enrollees (duals), and an index summarizing the impact of these policies on payments for physician office services. Information from 2004-2018 was consolidated from online Medicaid policy documents, state laws, and policy data reported to them by state Medicaid programs. The database showed that in 2018 42 states had policies to limit Medicaid payments of Medicare cost sharing when Medicaid’s fee schedule was lower than Medicare’s. This was an increase from 36 such states in 2004. In most states, combined Medicare and Medicare payments for evaluation and management services provided to duals averaged 78% of the Medicare allowed amount for these services.
AHRQ-funded; HS026727.
Citation:
Roberts ET, Nimgaonkar A, Aarons J .
New evidence of state variation in Medicaid payment policies for dual Medicare-Medicaid enrollees.
Health Serv Res 2020 Oct;55(5):701-09. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13545..
Keywords:
Medicaid, Medicare, Payment, Policy, Healthcare Costs, Health Insurance
Conover CJ, Bailey J
Certificate of need laws: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis.
Researchers conducted a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis of Certificate of Need (CON) laws. Ninety articles were reviewed to summarize the evidence on how CON laws affect regulatory costs, health expenditures, health outcomes, and access to care; the researchers found that the literature has not yet reached a definitive conclusion. They state that while more and higher quality research is needed to reach confident conclusions, their cost-effectiveness analysis based on the existing literature indicates that the expected costs of CON exceeded its benefits.
AHRQ-funded; 290020025.
Citation:
Conover CJ, Bailey J .
Certificate of need laws: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis.
BMC Health Serv Res 2020 Aug 14;20(1):748. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05563-1..
Keywords:
Healthcare Costs, Policy
Yakusheva O, Hoffman GJ
Does a reduction in readmissions result in net savings for most hospitals? An examination of Medicare's hospital readmissions reduction program.
This study aimed (1) to estimate the impact of an incremental reduction in excess readmissions on a hospital's Medicare reimbursement revenue, for hospitals subject to penalties under the Medicare's Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program and (2) to evaluate the economic case for an investment in a readmission reduction program.
AHRQ-funded; HS025838.
Citation:
Yakusheva O, Hoffman GJ .
Does a reduction in readmissions result in net savings for most hospitals? An examination of Medicare's hospital readmissions reduction program.
Med Care Res Rev 2020 Aug;77(4):334-44. doi: 10.1177/1077558718795745..
Keywords:
Medicare, Hospital Readmissions, Hospitals, Healthcare Costs, Policy
Hodgkin D, Moscarelli M, Rupp A
Mental health economics: bridging research, practice and policy.
The authors discuss the past and current work of the World Psychiatric Association Section on Mental Health Economics. They conclude with stating that The Section strives for excellence in mental health economics research and education to promote the mission and fulfill the goals of the World Psychiatric Association.
Citation:
Hodgkin D, Moscarelli M, Rupp A .
Mental health economics: bridging research, practice and policy.
World Psychiatry 2020 Jun;19(2):258-59. doi: 10.1002/wps.20753..
Keywords:
Behavioral Health, Healthcare Costs, Health Services Research (HSR), Policy
Cook BL, Flores M, Zuvekas SH
The impact Of Medicare's mental health cost-sharing parity on use of mental health care services.
This study examined the impact of Medicare’s mental health cost-sharing parity on use of mental health care services, which was phased in from 2010 to 2014. The authors assessed whether the reduction in mental health cost sharing was associated with changes in specialty and primary care outpatient mental health visits and psychotropic medication fills. They compared people with Medicare and private insurance before and after implementation. Medicare beneficiaries’ use of psychotropic medication increased after implementation but there was not a detectable change in visits.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation:
Cook BL, Flores M, Zuvekas SH .
The impact Of Medicare's mental health cost-sharing parity on use of mental health care services.
Health Aff 2020 May;39(5):819-27. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01008..
Keywords:
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), Medicare, Behavioral Health, Healthcare Costs, Policy, Health Insurance, Healthcare Utilization, Access to Care
Tseng CW, Masuda C, Chen R
Impact of higher insulin prices on out-of-pocket costs in Medicare Part D.
In this study, the investigators examined how patients’ out-of-pocket costs for insulin would have dropped from 2014 to 2019 due to Part D policy changes and whether higher insulin prices offset these potential savings. The authors concluded that efforts to reduce patients’
out-of-pocket cost by closing the Medicare Part D coverage gap were largely negated by higher insulin prices.
out-of-pocket cost by closing the Medicare Part D coverage gap were largely negated by higher insulin prices.
AHRQ-funded; HS024227.
Citation:
Tseng CW, Masuda C, Chen R .
Impact of higher insulin prices on out-of-pocket costs in Medicare Part D.
Diabetes Care 2020 Apr;43(4):e50-e51. doi: 10.2337/dc19-1294..
Keywords:
Medication, Healthcare Costs, Medicare, Health Insurance, Policy
Rathi VK, McWilliams JM, Roberts ET
Rathi VK, McWilliams JM, Roberts ET. Getting incentives right in payment reform: thinking beyond financial risk.
In this paper the authors discuss payment reform, global budget models and why incentives differ for health system versus physician group ACO’s. They indicate that incentives in new payment models are closely connected to the structure of the health care delivery system and that policies that ignore this relationship and focus only on the risk terms of payment contracts may miss opportunities for progress.
AHRQ-funded; HS026727.
Citation:
Rathi VK, McWilliams JM, Roberts ET .
Rathi VK, McWilliams JM, Roberts ET. Getting incentives right in payment reform: thinking beyond financial risk.
Ann Intern Med 2020 Mar 17;172(6):423-24. doi: 10.7326/m19-3178..
Keywords:
Healthcare Costs, Policy, Payment
Moniz MH, Fendrick AM, Kolenic GE
Out-of-pocket spending for maternity care among women with employer-based insurance, 2008-15.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires employer-based insurance plans to cover maternity services, but plans are allowed to impose cost sharing such as copayments and deductibles for these services. This study aimed to evaluate trends in cost sharing for maternity care among working women in employer-based plans, before and after the ACA. The investigators found that between 2008 and 2015, average out-of-pocket spending for maternity care rose among women with employer-based insurance. This increase was largely driven by increased spending among women with deductibles.
AHRQ-funded; HS025465; HS023784.
Citation:
Moniz MH, Fendrick AM, Kolenic GE .
Out-of-pocket spending for maternity care among women with employer-based insurance, 2008-15.
Health Aff 2020 Jan;39(1):18-23. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00296..
Keywords:
Pregnancy, Women, Maternal Care, Health Insurance, Healthcare Costs, Policy
Hassmiller Lich K, O'Leary MC, Nambiar S
Estimating the impact of insurance expansion on colorectal cancer and related costs in North Carolina: a population-level simulation analysis.
Researchers used microsimulation to estimate the health and financial effects of insurance expansion and reduction scenarios in North Carolina (NC) for colorectal cancer screening (CRC). The full lifetime of a simulated population of residents age-eligible for CRC screening (aged 50-75) during a 5-year period were simulated. Findings indicate that the estimated cost savings--balancing increased CRC screening/testing costs against decreased cancer treatment costs--were approximately $30 M and $970 M for Medicaid expansion and Medicare-for-all scenarios, respectively, compared to status quo. The researchers concluded that insurance expansion will likely improve CRC screening both overall and in underserved populations while saving money, with the largest savings realized by Medicare.
AHRQ-funded; HS022981.
Citation:
Hassmiller Lich K, O'Leary MC, Nambiar S .
Estimating the impact of insurance expansion on colorectal cancer and related costs in North Carolina: a population-level simulation analysis.
Prev Med 2019 Dec;129s:105847. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105847..
Keywords:
Health Insurance, Cancer: Colorectal Cancer, Cancer, Healthcare Costs, Screening, Prevention, Medicaid, Medicare, Policy, Access to Care
Jacobs PD, Selden TM
Changes in the equity of US health care financing in the period 2005-16.
This study examined changes in how households pay for health care spending in the United States from 2005 to 2016. At the start of the study period, households in the bottom 20% of income paid 26.8% of their income for health care compared to about half that amount for those with income in the top 1 percent. By 2016 the percentages had become about the same across all income levels. This result reflected increases in coverage through Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act Marketplaces.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation:
Jacobs PD, Selden TM .
Changes in the equity of US health care financing in the period 2005-16.
Health Aff 2019 Nov;38(11):1791-800. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00625..
Keywords:
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), Healthcare Costs, Health Insurance, Medicare, Policy
Boudreaux M, Gangopadhyaya A, Long SK
Using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for state health policy research.
Investigators describe the opportunities and challenges of using HCUP data to conduct state health policy research and to provide empirical examples of what can go wrong when using the national HCUP data inappropriately. Analyzing cesarean delivery rates, discharges per capita, and discharges by the payer, they found that state-level estimates are volatile and often provide misleading policy conclusions. They conclude that the Nationwide Inpatient Sample should not be used for state-level research and specified that AHRQ provides resources to assist analysts with state-specific studies using State Inpatient Database files.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation:
Boudreaux M, Gangopadhyaya A, Long SK .
Using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for state health policy research.
Med Care 2019 Nov;57(11):855-60. doi: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001196..
Keywords:
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Policy, Health Services Research (HSR), Healthcare Costs, Data, Research Methodologies
Pickens G, Karaca Z, Gibson TB
Changes in hospital service demand, cost, and patient illness severity following health reform.
This study examined the effects of expanded Medicaid coverage and the health insurance exchange on the number of hospital inpatient and emergency department (ED) utilization rates, cost, and patient illness severity. There was a significant drop in uninsured inpatient discharges and ED visits in states where Medicaid was expanded. For all by young females, uninsured inpatient discharge rates fell by 39% or greater. In nonexpansion states, the rates remained unchanged or increased slightly. Changes in all-payer and private insurance rates were not as dramatic, as was inpatient costs per discharge and all-payer inpatient costs.
AHRQ-authored; AHRQ-funded; 290201300002C.
Citation:
Pickens G, Karaca Z, Gibson TB .
Changes in hospital service demand, cost, and patient illness severity following health reform.
Health Serv Res 2019 Aug;54(4):739-51. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13165..
Keywords:
Access to Care, Health Insurance, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Healthcare Costs, Healthcare Utilization, Hospitals, Medicaid, Policy, Uninsured
