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Research Studies is a monthly compilation of research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers and recently published in journals or newsletters.

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1 to 13 of 13 Research Studies Displayed
Purnell TS, Luo X, Crews DC
Neighborhood poverty and sex differences in live donor kidney transplant outcomes in the United States.
Neighborhood poverty has been associated with worse outcomes after live donor kidney transplantation (LDKT), and prior work suggests that women with kidney disease may be more susceptible to the negative influence of poverty than men. As such, our goal was to examine whether poverty differentially affects women in influencing LDKT outcomes. The investigators concluded that given their findings that poverty was more strongly associated with graft loss in women, targeted efforts are needed to specifically address mechanisms driving these disparities in LDKT outcomes.
AHRQ-funded; HS024600.
Citation: Purnell TS, Luo X, Crews DC . Neighborhood poverty and sex differences in live donor kidney transplant outcomes in the United States. Transplantation 2019 Oct;103(10):2183-89. doi: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002654.
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View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Transplantation, Kidney Disease and Health, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Disparities, Women, Sex Factors, Low-Income, Outcomes
Jarman MP, Pollack Porter K, Curriero FC
Factors mediating demographic determinants of injury mortality.
The authors investigated the role of injury characteristics and access to trauma care as mediators of the relationships between race, ethnicity, sex, and injury mortality. They found that distance, injury characteristics, and insurance mediate the effects of demographic characteristics on injury mortality and appear to contribute to disparities in injury mortality.
AHRQ-funded; HS000029.
Citation: Jarman MP, Pollack Porter K, Curriero FC . Factors mediating demographic determinants of injury mortality. Ann Epidemiol 2019 Jun;34:58-64.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.03.013..
View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Access to Care, Disparities, Injuries and Wounds, Mortality, Racial / Ethnic Minorities, Sex Factors, Social Determinants of Health, Trauma
Marcolini EG, Albrecht JS, Sethuraman KN
Gender disparities in trauma care: how sex determines treatment, behavior, and outcome.
This study used US and European trauma database statistics, including the National Trauma Databank, to examine sex disparities in trauma care. Their findings indicate that sex differences in risk-taking behaviors that lead to traumatic injury have been associated with males, with female menstrual cycle timing, and with cortisol levels. Differences in access to services at trauma centers, including triage or transfer and level of medical attention are associated with sex as well race, rural or urban location, and insurance status. Outcomes, such as in-hospital mortality, multiple organ failure, pneumonia, and sepsis are associated with sex disparities in the general trauma patient; outcomes after general trauma and specifically traumatic brain injury show mixed results.
AHRQ-funded; HS024560.
Citation: Marcolini EG, Albrecht JS, Sethuraman KN . Gender disparities in trauma care: how sex determines treatment, behavior, and outcome. Anesthesiol Clin 2019 Mar;37(1):107-17. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2018.09.007..
View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Access to Care, Disparities, Injuries and Wounds, Outcomes, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Risk, Sex Factors, Trauma
Lee T, Qian J, Thamer M
Gender disparities in vascular access surgical outcomes in elderly hemodialysis patients.
In this study, the investigators assessed clinically relevant arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and arteriovenous grafts (AVG) surgical outcomes in elderly male and female patients initiating hemodialysis with a central venous catheter (CVC). The investigators concluded that while AVFs should be considered the preferred vascular access in most circumstances, clinical AVF surgical outcomes were uniformly worse in females. They suggest that clinicians should also consider AVGs as a viable alternative in elderly female patients initiating hemodialysis with a CVC to avoid extended CVC dependence.
AHRQ-funded; HS022931; HS021229.
Citation: Lee T, Qian J, Thamer M . Gender disparities in vascular access surgical outcomes in elderly hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2019;49(1):11-19. doi: 10.1159/000495261..
View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Dialysis, Disparities, Elderly, Outcomes, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Sex Factors, Surgery
Gilmore-Bykovskyi A, Johnson R, Walljasper L
Underreporting of gender and race/ethnicity differences in NIH-funded dementia caregiver support interventions.
The objective of this study was to determine the inclusion and reporting rates among NIH-funded dementia caregiver support interventions. Findings suggested limited NIH guideline compliance that may reflect a lack of awareness regarding potential gender disparities in caregiving roles. In order to ensure NIH guideline compliance, shared investments from researchers, editors, and reviewers to make certain that group differences are systematically identified and reported are recommended.
AHRQ-funded; HS022548.
Citation: Gilmore-Bykovskyi A, Johnson R, Walljasper L . Underreporting of gender and race/ethnicity differences in NIH-funded dementia caregiver support interventions. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2018 May;33(3):145-52. doi: 10.1177/1533317517749465..
View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Caregiving, Sex Factors, Racial / Ethnic Minorities, Guidelines, Dementia, Disparities
Gupta A, Barrabes JA, Strait K
Sex differences in timeliness of reperfusion in young patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction by initial electrocardiographic characteristics.
Investigators aimed to determine the electrocardiographic correlates of delay in reperfusion in young patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. They found that sex disparities in timeliness to reperfusion in young patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction persisted, despite adjusting for initial electrocardiographic characteristics. They concluded that left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage criteria and absence of prehospital ECG are strongly positively correlated and ST elevation in lateral leads is negatively correlated with reperfusion delay.
AHRQ-funded; HS023000.
Citation: Gupta A, Barrabes JA, Strait K . Sex differences in timeliness of reperfusion in young patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction by initial electrocardiographic characteristics. J Am Heart Assoc 2018 Mar 7;7(6). doi: 10.1161/jaha.117.007021..
View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Sex Factors, Heart Disease and Health, Cardiovascular Conditions, Disparities
Albright KC, Howard VJ, Howard G
Age and sex disparities in discharge statin prescribing in the stroke belt: evidence from the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study.
This study analyzed discharge medications for participants hospitalized for an ischemic stroke during follow-up of the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study. It found that statin discharge prescribing may differ among Stroke Belt and non-Stroke Belt residents, particularly in older Americans and men.
AHRQ-funded; HS023009; HS013852.
Citation: Albright KC, Howard VJ, Howard G . Age and sex disparities in discharge statin prescribing in the stroke belt: evidence from the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study. J Am Heart Assoc 2017 Aug 2;6(8). doi: 10.1161/jaha.117.005523.
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View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Disparities, Medication, Stroke, Elderly, Sex Factors
Just E, Casarett DJ, Asch DA
Differences in terminal hospitalization care between U.S. men and women.
The authors sought to determine whether men and women receive different care during terminal hospitalizations by examining sex-based differences in lengths of stay, resuscitation status, and intensive interventions and processes of care. They found that. compared with men, women had slightly shorter hospitalizations and were more likely to have a do-not-resuscitate order. Women remained less likely to receive care in an intensive care unit, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, or surgical procedures. The researchers concluded that men who die in hospitals receive more aggressive care than women.
AHRQ-funded; HS018425.
Citation: Just E, Casarett DJ, Asch DA . Differences in terminal hospitalization care between U.S. men and women. J Pain Symptom Manage 2016 Aug;52(2):205-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.01.013.
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View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Disparities, Palliative Care, Hospitalization, Sex Factors, Elderly
Lee S, Teschemaker AR, Daniel M
Calcium and vitamin D use among older adults in U.S.: results from national survey.
The investigators conducted this study to describe a 10-year trend of calcium and vitamin D use from 2000 to 2009 and to evaluate age, gender, and racial disparities using national level health data. They found variability in the access to the medications, despite the observed increases associated with calcium and vitamin D supplements.
AHRQ-funded; HS011673.
Citation: Lee S, Teschemaker AR, Daniel M . Calcium and vitamin D use among older adults in U.S.: results from national survey. J Nutr Health Aging 2016 Mar;20(3):300-5. doi: 10.1007/s12603-015-0614-9.
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View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Disparities, Racial / Ethnic Minorities, Sex Factors, Vitamins and Supplements
Waljee JF, Chang KW, Kim HM
Gender disparities in academic practice.
The authors sought to examine differences in faculty position and professional satisfaction among academic physicians by gender. They found that men more often held tenure track positions compared with women and women reported lower levels of professional satisfaction in academic practice compared with men.
AHRQ-funded; HS023313.
Citation: Waljee JF, Chang KW, Kim HM . Gender disparities in academic practice. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015 Sep;136(3):380e-87e. doi: 10.1097/prs.0000000000001530..
View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Disparities, Provider, Provider Performance, Sex Factors
Bhave PD, Lu X, Girotra S
Race- and sex-related differences in care for patients newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation.
The researchers sought to determine whether significant race and sex differences exist in the treatment of newly diagnosed AF in Medicare beneficiaries. They found that there were statistically significant differences in the use of AF-related services by both race and sex, with white patients and male patients receiving the most care.
AHRQ-funded; HS021992.
Citation: Bhave PD, Lu X, Girotra S . Race- and sex-related differences in care for patients newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2015 Jul;12(7):1406-12. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.031..
View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Heart Disease and Health, Cardiovascular Conditions, Racial / Ethnic Minorities, Sex Factors, Disparities
D'Onofrio G, Safdar B, Lichtman JH
Sex differences in reperfusion in young patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: results from the VIRGO study.
Sex disparities in reperfusion therapy for patients with acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction have been documented. The authors tested these patterns in the comparison of young women with men.They found that young women with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction are less likely to receive reperfusion therapy and more likely to have reperfusion delays than similarly aged men.
AHRQ-funded; HS023000.
Citation: D'Onofrio G, Safdar B, Lichtman JH . Sex differences in reperfusion in young patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: results from the VIRGO study. Circulation 2015 Apr 14;131(15):1324-32. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.012293.
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View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Cardiovascular Conditions, Disparities, Heart Disease and Health, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Sex Factors
Govindarajan P, Friedman BT, Delgadillo JQ
Race and sex disparities in prehospital recognition of acute stroke.
The investigators examined prehospital provider recognition of stroke by race and sex. They found that correct prehospital recognition of stroke was lower among Hispanic patients, Asians, and others, when compared with non-Hispanic whites, and also in women compared with men. They concluded that significant disparities exist in prehospital stroke recognition.
AHRQ-funded; HS017965.
Citation: Govindarajan P, Friedman BT, Delgadillo JQ . Race and sex disparities in prehospital recognition of acute stroke. Acad Emerg Med 2015 Mar;22(3):264-72. doi: 10.1111/acem.12595.
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View abstract on the National Library of Medicine site.
Keywords: Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Disparities, Racial / Ethnic Minorities, Sex Factors, Stroke

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