National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
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Topics
- Ambulatory Care and Surgery (1)
- Arthritis (1)
- Cancer (2)
- Cancer: Breast Cancer (2)
- Cancer: Colorectal Cancer (3)
- Cardiovascular Conditions (1)
- Caregiving (3)
- Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) (1)
- Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) (1)
- Children/Adolescents (6)
- Chronic Conditions (1)
- Clinician-Patient Communication (4)
- Communication (7)
- (-) Decision Making (35)
- Diabetes (1)
- (-) Education: Patient and Caregiver (35)
- Elderly (1)
- Electronic Health Records (EHRs) (1)
- Evidence-Based Practice (1)
- Guidelines (1)
- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) (1)
- Healthcare Costs (1)
- Healthcare Delivery (2)
- Healthcare Utilization (2)
- Health Information Exchange (HIE) (1)
- Health Information Technology (HIT) (4)
- Health Literacy (3)
- Health Promotion (1)
- Health Services Research (HSR) (2)
- Heart Disease and Health (1)
- Hospitals (1)
- Kidney Disease and Health (2)
- Labor and Delivery (1)
- Medication (3)
- Orthopedics (1)
- Palliative Care (1)
- Patient-Centered Healthcare (5)
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research (2)
- Patient Adherence/Compliance (2)
- Patient and Family Engagement (4)
- Patient Safety (1)
- Patient Self-Management (1)
- Practice Patterns (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Primary Care: Models of Care (1)
- Provider (1)
- Provider: Physician (1)
- Provider Performance (1)
- Public Reporting (2)
- Quality Indicators (QIs) (1)
- Quality of Care (4)
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities (2)
- Registries (1)
- Respiratory Conditions (1)
- Screening (3)
- Sickle Cell Disease (2)
- Sleep Problems (1)
- Surgery (2)
- Transplantation (4)
- Treatments (1)
- Vaccination (1)
- Vulnerable Populations (1)
- Web-Based (2)
- Women (1)
AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
1 to 25 of 35 Research Studies DisplayedSchaffhausen CR, Bruin MJ, Chu S
Designing a liver transplant patient and family decision support tool for organ offer decisions.
For liver transplant candidates on the waiting list, deciding to accept a donor organ with known or potential risk factors can be stressful and can lead to declined offers. Current education for patients and family often takes place during transplant evaluations and can be overwhelming and result in low retention and poor understanding of donor quality. In this study, the investigators sought to understand provider experiences when counseling patients about donor risks and donor offers.
AHRQ-funded; HS026379; HS024527.
Citation: Schaffhausen CR, Bruin MJ, Chu S .
Designing a liver transplant patient and family decision support tool for organ offer decisions.
Transplant Direct 2021 May;7(5):e695. doi: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001140..
Keywords: Transplantation, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver
Lopez-Olivo MA, des Bordes JK, Lin H
A randomized controlled trial comparing two self-administered educational strategies for patients with knee osteoarthritis.
The authors conducted a randomized clinical trial in patients with knee osteoarthritis to assess the efficacy of providing a video for entertainment education, in combination with two booklets, compared with providing the booklets alone. They found that, although both education strategies were associated with improved knowledge and reduced decisional conflict at 6 months, receiving the video + booklets in combination, compared with receiving the booklets alone, proved to be more effective in changing behaviors and appeared to have some advantages for Spanish speakers and those who were less educated.
AHRQ-funded; HS019354.
Citation: Lopez-Olivo MA, des Bordes JK, Lin H .
A randomized controlled trial comparing two self-administered educational strategies for patients with knee osteoarthritis.
ACR Open Rheumatol 2021 Mar;3(3):185-95. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11222..
Keywords: Arthritis, Orthopedics, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Patient Self-Management, Patient Adherence/Compliance, Decision Making, Health Promotion
Links AR, Callon W, Wasserman C
Surgeon use of medical jargon with parents in the outpatient setting.
This study analyzed the use of unexplained medical jargon with parents whose children have sleep-disordered breathing and their consultations with otolaryngologists in a pediatric surgical setting. Participants (64 parents and 8 otolaryngologists) completed questionnaires that evaluated demographics, clinical features and parental role in decision-making. Unexplained medical jargon was commonly used by physicians (mean total utterances per visit = 28.9) while parents used jargon a mean of 4.3 times. Clinicians used more jargon when they felt that parents had greater involvement in decision-making or when parents used more jargon themselves. These results will be incorporated into communication training for clinicians.
AHRQ-funded; HS022932.
Citation: Links AR, Callon W, Wasserman C .
Surgeon use of medical jargon with parents in the outpatient setting.
Patient Educ Couns 2019 Jun;102(6):1111-18. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.02.002..
Keywords: Ambulatory Care and Surgery, Caregiving, Children/Adolescents, Clinician-Patient Communication, Communication, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Provider, Provider: Physician
Novogrodsky E, Yaghoubian A, Connor SE
The role of media in non-directed (altruistic) living kidney donation.
This study sought to characterize how non-directed living kidney donors use media and informational resources over the course of their kidney donation journey. The investigators conducted semi-structured interviews with non-directed donors (NDDs) who initiated kidney transplant chains. The investigators concluded that media and informational resources play an important role in the process of donation for NDDs, including inspiring interest in donation through personal narratives.
AHRQ-funded; HS000029.
Citation: Novogrodsky E, Yaghoubian A, Connor SE .
The role of media in non-directed (altruistic) living kidney donation.
Health Commun 2019 Feb;34(2):259-67. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2017.1405480..
Keywords: Kidney Disease and Health, Transplantation, Decision Making, Communication, Education: Patient and Caregiver
Shorten A, Shorten B, Fagerlin A
A study to assess the feasibility of implementing a web-based decision aid for birth after cesarean to increase opportunities for shared decision making in ethnically diverse settings.
This article describes a study that tested the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-secure, Web-based decision aid tool that supports shared decisionmaking with regard to birth choices after cesarean in urban, ethnically diverse outpatient settings. Sixty-eight women participated in the study; the measures included the women's knowledge, decisional conflict, birth preferences and outcomes, decision aid use and acceptability ratings, and views on how the decision aid supported shared decisionmaking. The women rated the content, features, and functions as good or excellent. Most indicated they would recommend it to others. The researchers conclude that while the decision aid is feasible, strategies are needed to improve women's access and to encourage timely decision aid usage to prepare them for decision discussions with health care providers.
AHRQ-funded; HS022114.
Citation: Shorten A, Shorten B, Fagerlin A .
A study to assess the feasibility of implementing a web-based decision aid for birth after cesarean to increase opportunities for shared decision making in ethnically diverse settings.
J Midwifery Womens Health 2019 Jan;64(1):78-87. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12908..
Keywords: Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Health Information Technology (HIT), Pregnancy, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Web-Based, Women
Crosby LE, Walton A, Shook LM
Development of a hydroxyurea decision aid for parents of children with sickle cell anemia.
This study developed a decision aid for use of hydroxyurea for parents of children with sickle cell anemia. There are national evidence-based guidelines, but they do not offer strategies for implementation. A multicomponent decision aid was developed via a needs assessment, clinic observations and iterative feedback. The decision aid was considered useful by the 75 parents and 28 clinicians who participated in all phases of the study.
AHRQ-funded; HS021114.
Citation: Crosby LE, Walton A, Shook LM .
Development of a hydroxyurea decision aid for parents of children with sickle cell anemia.
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019 Jan;41(1):56-63. doi: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001257..
Keywords: Caregiving, Children/Adolescents, Chronic Conditions, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Medication, Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Sickle Cell Disease
De Oliveira GS, Errea M, Bialek J
The impact of health literacy on shared decision making before elective surgery: a propensity matched case control analysis.
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate a possible association between health literacy and decision conflict in surgical patients. Patients undergoing a diverse number of elective surgeries were enrolled in the study. Health literacy was measured using the Newest Vital Sign instrument and decision conflict using the low literacy version of the Decision Conflict Scale. The investigators found that poor health literacy is associated with greater decision conflict in patients undergoing elective surgical procedures.
AHRQ-funded; HS024158.
Citation: De Oliveira GS, Errea M, Bialek J .
The impact of health literacy on shared decision making before elective surgery: a propensity matched case control analysis.
BMC Health Serv Res 2018 Dec 12;18(1):958. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3755-9..
Keywords: Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Health Literacy, Surgery
Scherer AM, Witteman HO, Solomon J
Improving the understanding of test results by substituting (not adding) goal ranges: web-based between-subjects experiment.
Most displays of laboratory test results include a standard reference range. For some patients (eg, those with chronic conditions), however, getting a result within the standard range may be unachievable, inappropriate, or even harmful. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of including clinically appropriate goal ranges outside the standard range in the visual displays of laboratory test results.
AHRQ-funded; HS021681.
Citation: Scherer AM, Witteman HO, Solomon J .
Improving the understanding of test results by substituting (not adding) goal ranges: web-based between-subjects experiment.
J Med Internet Res 2018 Oct 19;20(10):e11027. doi: 10.2196/11027..
Keywords: Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver
Lewis CL, Kistler CE, Dalton AF
A decision aid to promote appropriate colorectal cancer screening among older adults: a randomized controlled trial.
The purpose of this study was to test a patient decision aid (PtDA) to promote CRC screening in older adults. The PtDA was designed to facilitate individual decision-making to help patients understand the potential risks and benefit of CRC screening. 424 patients aged 70 – 84 who were not up to date with CRC screening participated in a double-blinded randomized controlled trial, using the PtDA or an attention control. Two outcomes - appropriate CRC screening behavior at 6 months following the initial visit or appropriate screening intent immediately after the visit - were defined as completed screening or intent for patients in good health, discussion about screening with their provider for patients in intermediate health, or no screening or intent for patients in poor health. Appropriate screening behavior at 6 months was higher in the intervention group; appropriate screening intent following the provider visit was also higher. The authors conclude that the PtDA for older adults promoted appropriate CRC screening behavior.
AHRQ-funded; HS021133.
Citation: Lewis CL, Kistler CE, Dalton AF .
A decision aid to promote appropriate colorectal cancer screening among older adults: a randomized controlled trial.
Med Decis Making 2018 Jul;38(5):614-24. doi: 10.1177/0272989x18773713..
Keywords: Cancer, Cancer: Colorectal Cancer, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Elderly, Prevention, Screening
Rosenberg SM, Greaney ML, Patenaude AF
"I don't want to take chances.": a qualitative exploration of surgical decision making in young breast cancer survivors.
The purpose of this study was to better understand the choice of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) through a qualitative exploration of surgical decision-making in young breast cancer survivors, including how issues particular to younger women affected their decision and the post-surgical experience. Through focus groups, themes emerged and were categorized. The authors concluded that informational resources and decision aids may enhance patient-doctor communication and help young survivors better understand risk and manage expectations surrounding short- and longer-term physical and emotional effects after surgery.
AHRQ-funded; HS023680.
Citation: Rosenberg SM, Greaney ML, Patenaude AF .
"I don't want to take chances.": a qualitative exploration of surgical decision making in young breast cancer survivors.
Psychooncology 2018 Jun;27(6):1524-29. doi: 10.1002/pon.4683.
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Keywords: Cancer: Breast Cancer, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Clinician-Patient Communication, Surgery
Greenzang KA, Dauti A, Mack JW
Parent perspectives on information about late effects of childhood cancer treatment and their role in initial treatment decision making.
The authors’ objective was to explore how parents of children with cancer consider late effects in initial treatment decision making and during active cancer treatment. Through interviews, they found that parents desire detailed information about late effects to make informed treatment decisions and to prepare for the future. Despite the role of late effects in treatment decision making, some parents feel that late effects are either inadequately addressed or too overwhelming to process at diagnosis. They suggested that parents may benefit from early assessment of their information needs and a return to these issues over time.
AHRQ-funded; HS022986.
Citation: Greenzang KA, Dauti A, Mack JW .
Parent perspectives on information about late effects of childhood cancer treatment and their role in initial treatment decision making.
Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018 Jun;65(6):e26978. doi: 10.1002/pbc.26978.
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Keywords: Cancer, Children/Adolescents, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Patient-Centered Healthcare
Sepucha KR, Abhyankar P, Hoffman AS
Standards for UNiversal reporting of patient Decision Aid Evaluation studies: the development of SUNDAE Checklist.
This study sought to develop and reach consensus on reporting guidelines to improve the quality of publications evaluating patient decision aids (PDAs). The study concluded that the SUNDAE (Standards for UNiversal reporting of patient Decision Aid Evaluations) Checklist will help ensure that reports of PDA evaluation studies are understandable, transparent and of high quality.
AHRQ-funded; HS024250.
Citation: Sepucha KR, Abhyankar P, Hoffman AS .
Standards for UNiversal reporting of patient Decision Aid Evaluation studies: the development of SUNDAE Checklist.
BMJ Qual Saf 2018 May;27(5):380-88. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2017-006986..
Keywords: Communication, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines, Health Literacy, Patient-Centered Healthcare
Schaffhausen CR, Bruin MJ, Chesley D
What patients and members of their support networks ask about transplant program data.
This study used qualitative document research methods to review 678 detailed Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) entries and summary counts of 55 362 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) entries to provide a better understanding of what was asked and what requests were most common. Patients sought a wide range of information about outcomes, waiting times, program volumes, and willingness to perform transplants in candidates with specific diseases or demographics.
AHRQ-funded; HS024527.
Citation: Schaffhausen CR, Bruin MJ, Chesley D .
What patients and members of their support networks ask about transplant program data.
Clin Transplant 2017 Dec;31(12). doi: 10.1111/ctr.13125.
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Keywords: Education: Patient and Caregiver, Decision Making, Health Services Research (HSR), Registries, Transplantation
Wang SY, Kelly G, Gross C
Information needs of older women with early-stage breast cancer when making radiation therapy decisions.
The researchers identified the information older women with early-stage breast cancer need when making radiation therapy decisions, and who patients identify as the main decision maker. They found that older women consider themselves to be the main decision maker; they desire information and have more agency and input in the decision-making process than prior literature would suggest.
AHRQ-funded; HS023900.
Citation: Wang SY, Kelly G, Gross C .
Information needs of older women with early-stage breast cancer when making radiation therapy decisions.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017 Jul 15;98(4):733-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.001.
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Keywords: Cancer: Breast Cancer, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Treatments
Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Scherer AM, Witteman HO
Graphics help patients distinguish between urgent and non-urgent deviations in laboratory test results.
Most electronic health record systems provide laboratory test results to patients in table format. Researchers tested whether presenting such results in visual displays (number lines) could improve understanding. They found that visual displays reduced respondents' perceived urgency and desire to contact health care providers immediately for near-normal test results compared to tables but did not affect their perceptions of extreme values.
AHRQ-funded; HS021681.
Citation: Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Scherer AM, Witteman HO .
Graphics help patients distinguish between urgent and non-urgent deviations in laboratory test results.
J Am Med Inform Assoc 2017 May 1;24(3):520-28. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocw169.
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Keywords: Communication, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Decision Making, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Health Information Technology (HIT)
Hoffman AS, Lowenstein LM, Kamath GR
An entertainment-education colorectal cancer screening decision aid for African American patients: a randomized controlled trial.
The purpose of this study was to assess whether an entertainment-education decision aid tailored for African American patients improved patients' decision making, attitudes, intentions, or colorectal cancer screening behavior. It found that viewing the culturally tailored decision aid significantly increased African American patients' knowledge of colorectal cancer screening recommendations and options. It also significantly reduced their decisional conflict and improved their self-advocacy.
AHRQ-funded; HS022134.
Citation: Hoffman AS, Lowenstein LM, Kamath GR .
An entertainment-education colorectal cancer screening decision aid for African American patients: a randomized controlled trial.
Cancer 2017 Apr 15;123(8):1401-08. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30489.
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Keywords: Cancer: Colorectal Cancer, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Screening
Traino HM, West SM, Nonterah CW
Communicating About Choices in Transplantation (COACH).
This article presents pilot results of the behavioral communication intervention program, Communicating about Choices in Transplantation (COACH), designed to improve transplant candidates' communication about transplantation. The authors indicate that results provided preliminary support for the program's impact. Moreover, participant evaluations of the COACH were overwhelmingly positive. They noted that a more definitive program evaluation with a larger, more diverse sample is currently underway.
AHRQ-funded; HS018113; HS021312.
Citation: Traino HM, West SM, Nonterah CW .
Communicating About Choices in Transplantation (COACH).
Prog Transplant 2017 Mar;27(1):31-38. doi: 10.1177/1526924816679844..
Keywords: Clinician-Patient Communication, Communication, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Kidney Disease and Health, Transplantation
Robinson JC, Brown TT, Whaley C
Reference pricing changes the 'choice architecture' of health care for consumers.
This article summarizes reference pricing's impacts to date on patient choice, provider prices, surgical complications, and employer spending and estimates its potential impacts if expanded to more services and a broader population. Reference pricing induces consumers to select lower-price alternatives for all of the forms of care studied, leading to significant reductions in prices paid and spending incurred by insurers and employers.
AHRQ-funded; HS022098.
Citation: Robinson JC, Brown TT, Whaley C .
Reference pricing changes the 'choice architecture' of health care for consumers.
Health Aff 2017 Mar;36(3):524-30. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1256.
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Keywords: Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Healthcare Costs, Healthcare Delivery
Links AR, Tunkel DE, Boss EF
Stakeholder-engaged measure development for pediatric obstructive sleep-disordered breathing: the obstructive sleep-disordered breathing and adenotonsillectomy knowledge scale for parents.
The researchers developed a measure of parental knowledge about obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (oSDB) and adenotonsillectomy (AT). An 85-item prototype measure and 39-item modified measure were evaluated for consensus/approval and psychometric integrity Five themes (oSDB symptoms, treatment options, AT risks, anesthesia, and AT benefits) and 39 items composed the final scale.
AHRQ-funded; HS022932.
Citation: Links AR, Tunkel DE, Boss EF .
Stakeholder-engaged measure development for pediatric obstructive sleep-disordered breathing: the obstructive sleep-disordered breathing and adenotonsillectomy knowledge scale for parents.
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017 Jan;143(1):46-54. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2016.2681.
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Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Sleep Problems, Respiratory Conditions, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Decision Making
Volk RJ, Linder SK, Lopez-Olivo MA
Patient decision aids for colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
This systematic review describes studies evaluating patient decision aids for colorectal cancer screening in average-risk adults and their impact on knowledge, screening intentions, and uptake. It concluded that decision aids improve knowledge and interest in screening, and lead to increased screening over no information, but their impact on screening is similar to general colorectal cancer screening information.
AHRQ-funded; HS022134.
Citation: Volk RJ, Linder SK, Lopez-Olivo MA .
Patient decision aids for colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Am J Prev Med 2016 Nov;51(5):779-91. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.022.
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Keywords: Cancer: Colorectal Cancer, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Healthcare Utilization, Screening
Longo DR, Crabtree BF, Pellerano MB
A qualitative study of vulnerable patient views of type 2 diabetes consumer reports.
This study aims to identify whether vulnerable populations with type 2 diabetes perceive consumer reports as helpful in making decisions about diabetes care. It found that participants in 18 focus groups expressed minimal interest in currently available consumer reports. They instead listed personal referrals and interpersonal interactions among the most important factors when choosing a physician.
AHRQ-funded; HS021902.
Citation: Longo DR, Crabtree BF, Pellerano MB .
A qualitative study of vulnerable patient views of type 2 diabetes consumer reports.
Patient 2016 Jun;9(3):231-40. doi: 10.1007/s40271-015-0146-8..
Keywords: Education: Patient and Caregiver, Decision Making, Diabetes, Quality of Care, Vulnerable Populations
Spatz ES, Krumholz HM, Moulton BW
The new era of informed consent: getting to a reasonable-patient standard through shared decision making.
The authors discuss a range of issues associated with shared decision making. They see it as a collaborative communication process between clinicians and patients that integrates the best evidence available with the patients’ values and preferences, to promote high-quality health care decisions.
AHRQ-funded; HS023000.
Citation: Spatz ES, Krumholz HM, Moulton BW .
The new era of informed consent: getting to a reasonable-patient standard through shared decision making.
JAMA 2016 May 17;315(19):2063-4. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.3070..
Keywords: Clinician-Patient Communication, Communication, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Patient and Family Engagement, Patient-Centered Healthcare
Sadeghi B, Walling AM, Romano PS
A hospital-based advance care planning intervention for patients with heart failure: a feasibility study.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing a multiple-component hospital-based intervention on completion of advance care planning (ACP) forms among heart failure (HF) patients. It concluded that a hospital-based ACP intervention using nonclinician health educators is feasible to implement and has the potential to facilitate the ACP process.
AHRQ-funded HS019311.
Citation: Sadeghi B, Walling AM, Romano PS .
A hospital-based advance care planning intervention for patients with heart failure: a feasibility study.
J Palliat Med 2016 Apr;19(4):451-5. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2015.0269.
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Keywords: Cardiovascular Conditions, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Heart Disease and Health, Hospitals
Safdar N, Codispoti N, Purvis S
Patient perspectives on indwelling urinary catheter use in the hospital.
The researchers assessed patient perspectives of indwelling urinary catheters. They recommended implementing educational programs incorporating patient preferences for both health care workers and patients in order to increase the involvement of patients in decision-making regarding urinary catheters, which may lead to a decline in catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
AHRQ-funded; HS023791.
Citation: Safdar N, Codispoti N, Purvis S .
Patient perspectives on indwelling urinary catheter use in the hospital.
Am J Infect Control 2016 Mar;44(3):e23-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.011.
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Keywords: Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI), Education: Patient and Caregiver, Decision Making, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Patient Safety
Singh JA, Qu H, Yazdany J
Barriers to medication decision making in women with lupus nephritis: a formative study using nominal group technique.
The researchers assessed the perspectives of women with lupus nephritis on barriers to medication decision making. The most salient perceived barriers, as indicated by percent-weighted votes assigned, were known/anticipated side effects (15.6 percent), medication expense/ability to afford medications (8.2 percent), and the fear that the medication could cause other diseases (7.8 percent).
AHRQ-funded; HS021110.
Citation: Singh JA, Qu H, Yazdany J .
Barriers to medication decision making in women with lupus nephritis: a formative study using nominal group technique.
J Rheumatol 2015 Sep;42(9):1616-23. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.150168.
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Keywords: Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs), Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Medication, Patient and Family Engagement