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Research Studies is a monthly compilation of research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers and recently published in journals or newsletters.
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1 to 25 of 66 Research Studies Displayed
Tracer H, Pierre J
Screening for lung cancer.
This paper is part of the “Putting Prevention into Practice” series. It provides an evidence-based case study related to lung cancer screening. Questions and answers related to the case are included.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation:
Tracer H, Pierre J .
Screening for lung cancer.
Am Fam Physician 2021 Jul 1;104(1):79-80..
Keywords:
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Screening, Prevention, Case Study, Evidence-Based Practice
Shipe ME, Haddad DN, Deppen SA
Modeling the impact of delaying the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer during COVID-19
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led surgical societies to recommend delaying diagnosis and treatment of suspected lung cancer for lesions less than 2 cm. The COVID-19 infection rate at which immediate operative risk exceeds benefit is unknown. Delaying diagnosis can lead to disease progression, but the impact of this delay on mortality is unknown. In this study, the investigators sought to model immediate versus delayed surgical resection in a suspicious lung nodule less than 2 cm.
AHRQ-funded; HS026122.
Citation:
Shipe ME, Haddad DN, Deppen SA .
Modeling the impact of delaying the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer during COVID-19
Ann Thorac Surg 2021 Jul;112(1):248-54. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.08.025..
Keywords:
COVID-19, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Diagnosis, Case Study, Risk
Spalluto LB, Lewis JA, Stolldorf D
Organizational readiness for lung cancer screening: a cross-sectional evaluation at a Veterans Affairs medical center.
Lung cancer has the highest cancer-related mortality in the United States and among Veterans. Screening of high-risk individuals with low-dose CT (LDCT) can improve survival through detection of early-stage lung cancer. Organizational factors that aid or impede implementation of this evidence-based practice in diverse populations are not well described. In this study, the investigators evaluated organizational readiness for change and change valence (belief that change is beneficial and valuable) for implementation of LDCT screening.
AHRQ-funded; HS026395.
Citation:
Spalluto LB, Lewis JA, Stolldorf D .
Organizational readiness for lung cancer screening: a cross-sectional evaluation at a Veterans Affairs medical center.
J Am Coll Radiol 2021 Jun;18(6):809-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.12.010..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Screening, Veterans, Implementation, Organization and Administration
Medbery RL, Fernandez FG, Kosinski AS
Costs associated with lobectomy for lung cancer: an analysis merging STS and Medicare data.
Researchers sought to identify underlying case mix factors that contribute to variability of 90-day costs of lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer. Using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database, they found that lobectomy is associated with substantial variability of episode-of-care costs. Variability is driven by patient demographic and clinical factors, hospital characteristics, and the occurrence and severity of complications.
AHRQ-funded; R01 HS022279.
Citation:
Medbery RL, Fernandez FG, Kosinski AS .
Costs associated with lobectomy for lung cancer: an analysis merging STS and Medicare data.
Ann Thorac Surg 2021 Jun;111(6):1781-90. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.08.073..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Healthcare Costs, Surgery, Elderly, Medicare
Hochheimer CJ, Sabo RT, Tong ST
Practice, clinician, and patient factors associated with the adoption of lung cancer screening.
This study sought to assess lung cancer screening uptake in three health systems. Findings showed that certain patients appeared more likely to be screened. Of the three systems studied, the only one with increased lung cancer screening explicitly promoted screening rather than relying on clinicians to implement the new 2013 USPSTF guideline.
AHRQ-funded; HS025032.
Citation:
Hochheimer CJ, Sabo RT, Tong ST .
Practice, clinician, and patient factors associated with the adoption of lung cancer screening.
J Med Screen 2021 Jun;28(2):158-62. doi: 10.1177/0969141320937326..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Screening, Guidelines, Falls Prevention
Cowper PA, Feng L, Kosinski AS
Initial and longitudinal cost of surgical resection for lung cancer.
This study looked at the 4-year longitudinal cost of surgical resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The study describes initial and 4-year resource use and cost for NSCLC patients aged 65 years of age or older who were treated surgically from 2008 to 2013. Clinical data for NSCLC resections from The Society of Thoracic Surgery Database linked to Medicare claims, resource use and cost of preoperative staging, surgery, and subsequent care through 4 years were examined. Outcomes were stratified by pathologic stage and surgical approach for stage I lobectomy patients. In the first 90 days costs ranged from $12,430 for stage I to $26,350 for stage IV. Cumulative costs ranged from $131,032 for stage I to $205,368 for stage IV. For the stage I lobectomy cohort, patients who had minimally invasive procedures had lower 4-year costs than thoracotomy patients ($120,346 versus $136,250).
AHRQ-funded; R01 HS022279.
Citation:
Cowper PA, Feng L, Kosinski AS .
Initial and longitudinal cost of surgical resection for lung cancer.
Ann Thorac Surg 2021 Jun;111(6):1827-33. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.07.048..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Surgery, Healthcare Costs
Panagiotou OA, Keeney T, Ogarek JA
Prevalence of functional limitations and their associations with systemic cancer therapy among older adults in nursing homes with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of self-care task disabilities with the use of systemic cancer therapies for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in nursing home patients. The investigators concluded that systemic cancer therapy was not commonly used in this population and was strongly predicted by disability in self-care tasks.
AHRQ-funded; HS000011.
Citation:
Panagiotou OA, Keeney T, Ogarek JA .
Prevalence of functional limitations and their associations with systemic cancer therapy among older adults in nursing homes with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
J Geriatr Oncol 2021 Jun;12(5):765-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jgo.2021.02.007..
Keywords:
Elderly, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Nursing Homes
Meza R, Jeon J, Toumazis I
Evaluation of the benefits and harms of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography: modeling study for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The purpose of this study was to inform the USPSTF guidelines by estimating the benefits and harms associated with various low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening strategies. Microsimulation modeling studies suggested that LDCT screening for lung cancer compared with no screening may increase lung cancer deaths averted and life-years gained when optimally targeted and implemented. Screening individuals at aged 50 or 55 years through aged 80 years with 20 pack-years or more of smoking exposure was estimated to result in more benefits than the 2013 USPSTF-recommended criteria and less disparity in screening eligibility by sex and race/ethnicity.
AHRQ-funded; 290201500011I.
Citation:
Meza R, Jeon J, Toumazis I .
Evaluation of the benefits and harms of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography: modeling study for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
JAMA 2021 Mar 9;325(10):988-97. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1077..
Keywords:
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Imaging, Screening, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines
Jonas DE, Reuland DS, Reddy SM
Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The purpose of this study was to review the evidence on screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) to inform the USPSTF. Findings showed that screening high-risk persons with LDCT can reduce lung cancer mortality but can also cause false-positive results leading to unnecessary tests and invasive procedures, overdiagnosis, incidental findings, increases in distress, and, rarely, radiation-induced cancers.
AHRQ-funded; 290201500011I.
Citation:
Jonas DE, Reuland DS, Reddy SM .
Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
JAMA 2021 Mar 9;325(10):971-87. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0377..
Keywords:
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Imaging, Screening, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice
Rashdan S, Yang H, Le T
Prevalence and significance of potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions among patients with lung cancer: implications for clinical trials.
The overall prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) among patients with lung cancer is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of potential DDIs and major DDIs among individuals newly diagnosed with lung cancer in a national cohort. The investigators concluded that medications with potential DDIs were prescribed to the majority of patients with lung cancer; however, only about 5% of patients were prescribed medications with major DDIs that might be prohibited in certain clinical trials.
AHRQ-funded; HS022418.
Citation:
Rashdan S, Yang H, Le T .
Prevalence and significance of potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions among patients with lung cancer: implications for clinical trials.
Clin Drug Investig 2021 Feb;41(2):161-67. doi: 10.1007/s40261-020-00994-4.
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Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Adverse Drug Events (ADE), Adverse Events, Medication
Feliciano JL, Waldfogel JM, Sharma R
Pharmacologic interventions for breathlessness in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the use of pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in patients with advanced cancer. Studies were identified from database inception to May 2020 using predefined eligibility criteria. Pharmacologic intervention benefits and harms were compared, focusing on breathlessness, anxiety, exercise capacity and health-related quality of life. Out of 7729 unique citations, 19 studies with a total of 1424 patients were included. Opioids were not associated with more effectiveness than placebo for improving breathlessness or exercise capacity. Anxiolytics were also not associated with more effectiveness than placebo for breathlessness or anxiety. There was limited evidence for other pharmacologic interventions. There was some harm, but it was minimal in those short-term studies.
AHRQ-funded; 290201500006I.
Citation:
Feliciano JL, Waldfogel JM, Sharma R .
Pharmacologic interventions for breathlessness in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
JAMA Netw Open 2021 Feb;4(2):e2037632. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37632..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Respiratory Conditions, Medication, Treatments, Opioids, Evidence-Based Practice, Comparative Effectiveness, Quality of Life, Outcomes, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Reese TJ, Schlechter CR, Potter LN
Evaluation of revised US Preventive Services Task Force lung cancer screening guideline among women and racial/ethnic minority populations.
The purpose of this study was to determine the changes associated with the revised USPSTF guideline for lung cancer screening eligibility among female, Black, and Hispanic populations using a large nationwide survey. The investigators concluded that the revised USPSTF guideline may likely increase lung cancer screening rates for female, Black, and Hispanic populations. However, despite these potential improvements, lung cancer screening inequities may persist without tailored eligibility criteria.
AHRQ-funded; HS026198.
Citation:
Reese TJ, Schlechter CR, Potter LN .
Evaluation of revised US Preventive Services Task Force lung cancer screening guideline among women and racial/ethnic minority populations.
JAMA Netw Open 2021 Jan;4(1):e2033769. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33769..
Keywords:
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Screening, Racial / Ethnic Minorities, Women, Guidelines, Evidence-Based Practice
Onaitis MW, Furnary AP, Kosinski AS
Equivalent survival between lobectomy and segmentectomy for clinical stage IA lung cancer.
This study compared the effectiveness of lobectomy and segmentectomy for treatment of clinical stage IA (T1N0) lung cancer patients. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database was linked to Medicare data in 14,286 lung cancer patients who underwent segmentectomy (n = 1654) or lobectomy (n = 12,632) from 2002 to 2015. Survival rates were found to be similar.
AHRQ-funded; HS022279.
Citation:
Onaitis MW, Furnary AP, Kosinski AS .
Equivalent survival between lobectomy and segmentectomy for clinical stage IA lung cancer.
Ann Thorac Surg 2020 Dec;110(6):1882-91. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.01.020..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Surgery, Mortality, Outcomes, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Evidence-Based Practice
Brown TJ Keshvani, N Gupta, et al.
Rates of appropriate laxative prophylaxis for opioid-induced constipation in veterans with lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study.
This study examined trends in the use of laxatives for opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients prescribed opioids for cancer pain treatment. A retrospective study was conducted of lung cancer patients seen in the Veteran’s Affair system from 2003 to 2016. There were 130,990 individuals included in the analysis. The majority (87%) received no prophylaxis (75%) or received docusate alone while 5% received OIC prophylaxis with the unnecessary addition of docusate. Throughout the study period, laxative prescription significantly decreased while categories of OIC prophylaxis were unchanged. The study concluded that almost 90% received inadequate or inappropriate OIC prophylaxis.
AHRQ-funded; HS022418.
Citation:
Brown TJ Keshvani, N Gupta, et al..
Rates of appropriate laxative prophylaxis for opioid-induced constipation in veterans with lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study.
Support Care Cancer 2020 Nov;28(11):5315-21. doi: 10.1007/s00520-020-05364-6..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Veterans, Opioids, Medication, Prevention, Pain
Herb JN, Dunham LN, Mody G
Lung cancer surgical regionalization disproportionately worsens travel distance for rural patients.
Researchers hypothesized that lung cancer patients have been traveling further for surgery over time as regionalization has occurred, and this increased travel has primarily impacted rural patients. Using data from a North Carolina all-payer state discharge database, they found that the number of hospitals performing lung cancer resections decreased from 49 to 31 over the study period, and the proportion of patients receiving care at high-volume centers increased. Rural patient travel distance increased over time by 8.5 miles, with no change in urban patient travel distance. They concluded that, in North Carolina, lung cancer surgical regionalization occurred over the study period and was accompanied by increases in travel distance for rural patients only. They recommended further work to determine the effects of greater travel distance on patterns of cancer care for rural patients.
AHRQ-funded; HS000032.
Citation:
Herb JN, Dunham LN, Mody G .
Lung cancer surgical regionalization disproportionately worsens travel distance for rural patients.
J Rural Health 2020 Sep;36(4):496-505. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12440..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Rural Health, Surgery, Access to Care
Gerber DE, Hamann HA, Chavez C
Tracking the nonenrolled: lung cancer screening patterns among individuals not accrued to a clinical trial.
Researchers investigated lung cancer screening patterns among individuals eligible for, but not enrolled in, a screening trial. They found that, in their single-center study, demographic factors did not predict for participation in a lung cancer screening trial; lung cancer screening adherence rates were substantially lower for those not enrolled in a screening trial, especially for those who could not be contacted. The researchers conclude that these findings may inform the broader implementation of screening programs.
AHRQ-funded; HS022418.
Citation:
Gerber DE, Hamann HA, Chavez C .
Tracking the nonenrolled: lung cancer screening patterns among individuals not accrued to a clinical trial.
Clin Lung Cancer 2020 Jul;21(4):326-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2020.02.010..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Screening
Ezer N, Mhango G, Bagiella E
Racial disparities in resection of early stage non-small cell lung cancer: variability among surgeons.
This study examined racial disparities in resection surgery of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These disparities are well documented. The authors identified 19,624 patients with stage I-II NSCLC 65 years and older from the SEER-Medicare database. They studied patients evaluated by a surgeon within 6 months of diagnosis. Black patients were less likely to undergo resection with resection rates varying among surgeons. Thoracic surgeon specialists were less likely to have any disparities with resection rates.
AHRQ-funded; HS019670.
Citation:
Ezer N, Mhango G, Bagiella E .
Racial disparities in resection of early stage non-small cell lung cancer: variability among surgeons.
Med Care 2020 Apr;58(4):392-98. doi: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001280..
Keywords:
Disparities, Racial / Ethnic Minorities, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Surgery, Practice Patterns
Lee SJC, Hamann HA, Browning T
Stakeholder engagement to initiate lung cancer screening in an urban safety-net health system.
The authors sought to develop a population-based lung cancer screening program using low-dose computed tomography imaging at Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas County, Texas, providing coverage of uninsured patients through a combination of Medicare, Medicaid, and the Dallas medical assistance program for under- and uninsured, low-income county residents. They found that establishing a uniform clinical pathway connecting different clinical specialists requires a system-level view of care coordination to ensure that referrals trigger appointments, result reporting, and follow-up. Additionally, primary care providers need to educate and refer patients, address smoking cessation needs, and document shared decision-making counseling between the referring provider and the patient.
AHRQ-funded; HS022418.
Citation:
Lee SJC, Hamann HA, Browning T .
Stakeholder engagement to initiate lung cancer screening in an urban safety-net health system.
Healthc 2020 Mar;8(1):100370. doi: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2019.100370.
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Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Screening, Prevention, Urban Health, Safety Net, Case Study
Takvorian SU, Oganisian A, Mamtani R
Association of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act with insurance status, cancer stage, and timely treatment among patients with breast, colon, and lung cancer.
The effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion on cancer care delivery and outcomes is unknown. Patients with cancer are a high-risk group for whom treatment delays are particularly detrimental. The objective of this study was to examine the association between Medicaid expansion and changes in insurance status, stage at diagnosis, and timely treatment among patients with incident breast, colon, and non-small cell lung cancer.
AHRQ-funded; HS026116.
Citation:
Takvorian SU, Oganisian A, Mamtani R .
Association of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act with insurance status, cancer stage, and timely treatment among patients with breast, colon, and lung cancer.
JAMA Netw Open 2020 Feb 5;3(2):e1921653. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.21653.
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Keywords:
Cancer: Breast Cancer, Cancer: Colorectal Cancer, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Health Insurance, Medicaid, Policy, Health Services Research (HSR)
Wang S, Lai S, von Itzstein MS
Type and case volume of health care facility influences survival and surgery selection in cases with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.
With the expansion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) screening methods, the percentage of cases with early-stage NSCLC is anticipated to increase. Yet it remains unclear how the type and case volume of the health care facility at which treatment occurs may affect surgery selection and overall survival for cases with early-stage NSCLC. In this study, the investigators examine how type and case volume of health care facility influenced survival and surgery selection in cases with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.
AHRQ-funded; HS022418.
Citation:
Wang S, Lai S, von Itzstein MS .
Type and case volume of health care facility influences survival and surgery selection in cases with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.
Cancer 2019 Dec 1;125(23):4252-59. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32377..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Surgery, Cancer, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Outcomes, Mortality
Emani S, Sequist TD, Lacson R
Ambulatory safety nets to reduce missed and delayed diagnoses of cancer.
An ambulatory safety net (ASN) is an innovative organizational intervention for addressing patient safety related to missed and delayed diagnoses of abnormal test results. ASNs consist of a set of tools, reports and registries, and associated work flows to create a high-reliability system for abnormal test result management. In this paper, two ASNs implemented at an academic medical center are described, one focusing on colon cancer and the other on lung cancer.
AHRQ-funded; HS024722.
Citation:
Emani S, Sequist TD, Lacson R .
Ambulatory safety nets to reduce missed and delayed diagnoses of cancer.
Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2019 Aug;45(8):552-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjq.2019.05.010.
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Keywords:
Cancer, Safety Net, Diagnosis, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer: Colorectal Cancer, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Ambulatory Care and Surgery
Senft N, Sanderson M, Selove R
Attitudes toward precision treatment of smoking in the Southern Community Cohort Study.
Precision interventions using biological data may enhance smoking treatment, yet are understudied among smokers who are disproportionately burdened by smoking-related disease. In this study, the investigators surveyed smokers in the NCI-sponsored Southern Community Cohort Study, consisting primarily of African-American, low-income adults. The researchers concluded that among disproportionately burdened community smokers, most held favorable attitudes toward precision smoking treatment.
AHRQ-funded; HS026122.
Citation:
Senft N, Sanderson M, Selove R .
Attitudes toward precision treatment of smoking in the Southern Community Cohort Study.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019 Aug;28(8):1345-52. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-19-0179..
Keywords:
Tobacco Use, Tobacco Use: Smoking Cessation, Substance Abuse, Socioeconomic Factors, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer
Fernandez FG, Kosinski AS, Tong BC
Lack of correlation between short- and long-term performance after lung cancer surgery.
In this study, the investigators examined correlation between measures of short-term and long-term performance for lung cancer surgery. The investigators concluded that avoidance of perioperative morbidity and mortality is an incomplete measure of performance in lung cancer surgery. They suggest that lung cancer surgery performance metrics should assess the safety of surgery and long-term survival.
AHRQ-funded; HS022279.
Citation:
Fernandez FG, Kosinski AS, Tong BC .
Lack of correlation between short- and long-term performance after lung cancer surgery.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019 Apr;157(4):1633-43.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.09.141..
Keywords:
Cancer, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Outcomes, Surgery
Tong BC, Kim S, Kosinski A
Penetration, completeness, and representativeness of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database for lobectomy.
Not all surgeons performing lobectomy in the United States report outcomes to The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database (STS GTSD). In this study, the investigators examined penetration, completeness, and representativeness of the STS GTSD for lobectomy in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) patient population. The investigators concluded that participation in the STS GTSD increased over time, but penetration lagged behind that of the other STS National Databases.
AHRQ-funded; HS022279.
Citation:
Tong BC, Kim S, Kosinski A .
Penetration, completeness, and representativeness of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database for lobectomy.
Ann Thorac Surg 2019 Mar;107(3):897-902. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.059..
Keywords:
Surgery, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer, Data, Provider: Physician, Provider
Boffa DJ, Kosinski AS, Furnary AP
Minimally invasive lung cancer surgery performed by thoracic surgeons as effective as thoracotomy.
The study authors hypothesized that the minimally invasive video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) approach to lobectomy for stage I lung cancer resulted in a longitudinal outcome that was not inferior to thoracotomy. After conducting their study, they concluded that the long-term efficacy of lobectomy for stage I lung cancer performed using the VATS approach by board-certified thoracic surgeons does not seem to be inferior to that of thoracotomy.
AHRQ-funded; HS022279.
Citation:
Boffa DJ, Kosinski AS, Furnary AP .
Minimally invasive lung cancer surgery performed by thoracic surgeons as effective as thoracotomy.
J Clin Oncol 2018 Aug 10;36(23):2378-85. doi: 10.1200/jco.2018.77.8977..
Keywords:
Cancer: Lung Cancer, Comparative Effectiveness, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Surgery
