2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report

Chapter 7, Text Descriptions for Figures

Figure 7.1. Adults age 65 and over who received potentially inappropriate prescription medications in the calendar year, by race/ethnicity and gender, 2002-2009

Race/Ethnicity	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Non-Hispanic, White	19.8	19	17	17.6	15.9	15.8	13.3	13.2
Non-Hispanic, Black	18.9	17.6	16.8	18.9	18.1	14.7	15.4	15.7
Hispanic (All Races)	18.1	13.2	13.8	13.5	13.5	14.2	14.4	11.7

Gender	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Male	15.4	13.4	12.8	14.3	12.3	11.8	10.5	10.7
Female	22.2	22.3	19.7	20.2	18.4	18.1	15.6	15.4

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 65 and over.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Prescription medications received include all prescribed medications initially purchased or otherwise obtained, as well as any refills. Whites and Blacks are non-Hispanic. Hispanic includes all races.

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Figure 7.2. Potentially avoidable hospitalization rates for adults, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2001-2009

Race/Ethnicity	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
White	1433	1447	1381	1357	1385	1283	1278	1260	1219
Black	3286	3258	2847	2995	2753	2728	2764	2574	2553
API	1051	1073	1021	1072	901	788	828	811	746
Hispanic	1712	2126	2206	2105	1908	1649	1612	1376	1407

Area Income	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
1st Quartile (lowest)	2107	2141	2211	2084	2090	2073	1988	1946	1932
2nd Quartile	1738	1802	1693	1619	1598	1551	1503	1487	1427
3rd Quartile	1403	1507	1406	1338	1376	1288	1272	1248	1206
4th Quartile (highest)	1317	1263	1203	1193	1249	1155	1076	1097	1054

Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2001-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized adults age 18 and over.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Annual rates are adjusted for age and gender. White, Black, and Asian or Pacific Islander populations are non-Hispanic. Income quartiles are based on median income of ZIP Code of patient's residence.

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Figure 7.3. Potentially avoidable emergency department rates, by sex and area income, 2007-2009

Sex	2007	2008	2009
Total	3621	3642	3681
Male	2928	2918	2903
Female	4325	4375	4463

Area Income	2007	2008	2009
Lowest Income Quartile	4924	5097	5180
Second Quartile	3888	4037	4073
Third Quartile	3233	3068	3149
Highest Income Quartile	2451	2443	2377

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2007-2009.
Denominator: Adults age 18 and over.
Note: Annual rates are adjusted for age and gender.

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Figure 7.4. Rate of emergency department visits with a principal diagnosis related to mental health and alcohol or substance abuse, per 100,000 population, by gender and area income, 2009

Gender	Mental Health	Substance Abuse
Total	1170	518
Male	1108	714
Female	1229	328
Area Income
Lowest income quartile	1598	666
Second quartile	1284	550
Third quartile	1023	449
Highest income quartile	764	405

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2009.
Denominator: U.S. population.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Substance abuse includes visits for co-occurring substance abuse and mental health disorders.

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Figure 7.5. Rate of emergency department visits with a principal diagnosis related to dental issues, per 100,000 population, by gender and area income, 2009

Gender / Area Income	Rate
Total	307
Male	304
Female	306
Lowest income quartile	452
Second quartile	387
Third quartile	238
Highest income quartile	111

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2009.
Denominator: U.S. population.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better.

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Figure 7.6. Excess number of potentially preventable hospitalizations, by race/ethnicity, 2009

Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations	White	Black	Hispanic
Expected at Best Rate	1,305,592	219,761	259,091
Excess	649,097	469,078	188,511

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and AHRQ Quality Indicators, modified version 4.1, 2009.

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Figure 7.7. Excess number of potentially preventable hospitalizations, by income, 2009

Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations	First Quartile (lowest)	Second Quartile	Third Quartile	Fourth Quartile (highest)
Expected at Best Rate	466,661	485,052	476,129	460,991
Excess	640,616	365,064	228,999	135,670

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Figure 7.8. Perforated appendixes per 1,000 admissions for appendicitis, age 18 and over, by race/ethnicity and area income, 2004-2009

Race/Ethnicity	2004	2005	2007	2008	2009
Non-Hispanic, White	287.8	282.8	271.3	275.7	275.4
Non-Hispanic, Black	308.7	317.3	302.1	298.2	291.7
API	266.8	270.3	268.5	261.9	262.7
Hispanic (all races)	291.8	283.3	276.2	271.9	258.2

Area Income	2004	2005	2007	2008	2009
High Income Quartile	272.5	270.5	257	250	266.3
Middle Income Quartile	291	280.7	283.4	268	278.7
Near Poor Income Quartile	302.4	292.8	282.9	281.3	274.9
Lowest Income Quartile	313.9	305.1	300	286.4	282.3

Key: API = Asian or Pacific Islander.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, State Inpatient Databases disparities analysis file, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2009.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Data for 2006 were not available this year, because a new version of the PQI software was used to calculate rates and 2006 was not included in the calculation.

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Figure 7.9. Perforated appendixes per 1,000 admissions for appendicitis, age 18 and over, in IHS, Tribal, and contract hospitals, by age and gender, 2004-2010

Age	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
18-44	268.7	254.8	247.8	275.4	219.8	263.5	208.9
45-64	415.9	469.8	356.2	509.7	387.9	407.9	424.6
65+	514.3	428.6	560	583.3	656.3	555.6	457.1

Gender	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Total	363.3	355.8	332.6	402.7	347.7	353.4	324.1
Male	309.2	355.6	315	378.2	333.3	327.3	315.6
Female	312.3	277.2	253.4	309.2	229	279.0	250.0

Source: Indian Health Service, National Patient Information Reporting System, National Data Warehouse, Workload and Population Data Mart, 2004-2010.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. The total for each year is age adjusted.

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Page last reviewed May 2013

Internet Citation: 2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report: Chapter 7, Text Descriptions for Figures. May 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap7-text.html