National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
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1 to 2 of 2 Research Studies DisplayedKim D, Swaminathan S, Lee Y
Racial and ethnic disparities in excess deaths after COVID-19 vaccine deployment among persons with kidney failure.
COVID-19 resulted in clear racial/ethnic disparities in excess deaths among persons with kidney failure. It is not clear whether or how these disparities changed throughout the pandemic, especially after the deployment of COVID-19 vaccines. The purpose of this study was to examine disparities in excess mortality for the Medicare population with kidney failure from March 2020, through December 2021. The study found that there were 686,719 patients with kidney failure in January 2020. Researchers reported an increase in excess deaths beginning March 1, 2020, with a peak in January 2021. From March 1, 2020, through January 30, 2021, and there were substantial disparities in excess deaths across racial/ethnic groups. The number of excess deaths was 5582, 4303, and 2679 for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic patients, respectively. The percent excess deaths was 31.9% for Hispanic patients, 27.5% for non-Hispanic Black patients, and 16.4% for non-Hispanic White patients. After the wide distribution of COVID-19 vaccines since the end of January 2021, the lowest percent excess deaths was observed among Hispanic patients, followed by Black patients, and White patients.
AHRQ-funded; HS028285.
Citation: Kim D, Swaminathan S, Lee Y .
Racial and ethnic disparities in excess deaths after COVID-19 vaccine deployment among persons with kidney failure.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023 Sep; 18(9):1207-09. doi: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000226..
Keywords: COVID-19, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Disparities, Vaccination, Kidney Disease and Health, Mortality
Eneanya ND, Adingwupu OM, Kostelanetz S
Social determinants of health and their impact on the Black race coefficient in serum creatinine-based estimation of GFR: secondary analysis of MDRD and CRIC studies.
The rationale behind the disparity in blood creatinine levels between Black and non-Black individuals factored into previous GFR prediction formulas remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate if social health determinants could explain this gap. The researchers conducted a secondary examination of the initial data from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort investigations. Data from these cohorts were divided based on racial characteristics (Black versus non-Black). The study initially assessed the degree to which the Black race coefficient in the GFR estimation from creatinine is influenced by the interrelation of race with social health determinants and non-GFR creatinine determinants. Researchers then assessed whether the discrepancy in adjusted mean creatinine between racial groups could be attributed to social health determinants and non-GFR creatinine determinants. The study found that in models that associated measured GFR with creatinine, age, sex, and race, the Black race coefficient was 21% in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study and 13% in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort, and was not weakened by the inclusion of social health determinants, either singularly or in combination. In both studies, the Black race coefficient was more pronounced at lower income levels as compared to higher ones. In models associating creatinine with measured GFR, age, and sex, average creatinine was elevated in Black participants in comparison with non-Black participants in both studies, with social health determinants having no impact.
AHRQ-funded; HS026122.
Citation: Eneanya ND, Adingwupu OM, Kostelanetz S .
Social determinants of health and their impact on the Black race coefficient in serum creatinine-based estimation of GFR: secondary analysis of MDRD and CRIC studies.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023 Apr; 18(4):446-54. doi: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000109..
Keywords: Social Determinants of Health, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Kidney Disease and Health, Disparities