National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
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AHRQ Research Studies Date
Topics
- Access to Care (2)
- Adverse Drug Events (ADE) (1)
- Adverse Events (1)
- Blood Pressure (1)
- Children/Adolescents (4)
- Chronic Conditions (2)
- Clinician-Patient Communication (2)
- Communication (2)
- COVID-19 (3)
- Disparities (5)
- Education: Patient and Caregiver (3)
- Evidence-Based Practice (1)
- Healthcare Costs (1)
- Health Information Technology (HIT) (1)
- Health Literacy (1)
- Health Services Research (HSR) (4)
- Kidney Disease and Health (7)
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- Medication (1)
- Medication: Safety (1)
- Mortality (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Outcomes (1)
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research (3)
- Patient and Family Engagement (1)
- Patient Safety (1)
- Patient Self-Management (1)
- Policy (3)
- Provider: Pharmacist (1)
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities (6)
- Registries (5)
- Risk (2)
- Shared Decision Making (4)
- Transitions of Care (1)
- (-) Transplantation (22)
- Vaccination (2)
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AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
1 to 22 of 22 Research Studies DisplayedStrauss AT, Sidoti CN, Purnell TS
Multicenter study of racial and ethnic inequities in liver transplantation evaluation: understanding mechanisms and identifying solutions.
This multicenter study examined racial and ethnic inequities in liver transplantation. The authors recruited participants from the liver transplantation (LT) teams including coordinators, advanced practice providers, physicians, social workers, dieticians, pharmacists, leadership at 2 major LT centers. They conducted 54 interviews and had 49 observation hours. They created a conceptual framework describing how transplant work system characteristics and other external factors may improve equity in the LT evaluation process. They proposed transplant center-level solutions (i.e., including but not limited to training of staff on health equity) to modifiable barriers in the clinical work system that could help patient navigation, reduce disparities, and improve access to care. Their findings call for an urgent need for transplant centers, national societies, and policy makers to focus efforts on improving equity (tailored, patient-centered resources) using the science of human factors and systems engineering.
AHRQ-funded; HS024600.
Citation: Strauss AT, Sidoti CN, Purnell TS .
Multicenter study of racial and ethnic inequities in liver transplantation evaluation: understanding mechanisms and identifying solutions.
Liver Transpl 2022 Dec;28(12):1841-56. doi: 10.1002/lt.26532..
Keywords: Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Transplantation, Disparities, Access to Care
Qin CX, Auerbach SR, Charnaya O
Antibody response to three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in adolescent solid organ transplant recipients.
The purpose of this observational cohort study was to assess whether a third SARS-CoV-2 vaccine would improve immunogenicity in adolescent solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), and to report the antibody response and safety of a third mRNA vaccine dose (D3) in adolescent SOTRs. Forty-two participants received three BNT162b2 doses and one received three mRNA-1273 doses. Participants were 6-13 years from transplant (median 10 [IQR]), and heart transplant was the most common procedure, in 41.9% of the participants. 9.3% of participants reported pre-D1 SARS-CoV-2 infections and 9.3% reported breakthrough infections. The study found that 88.4% of adolescent SOTRs had positive antibody responses 1 month post-D3, an increase from 63–73% post-D2. 54.5% of participants with prior negative responses seroconverted and 100% with positive responses increased or remained at maximum titer. Titers remained stable 3 months post-D3. There were no vaccine-related adverse events and four breakthrough infections. The researchers concluded that although this was a convenience sample, the results suggest there is an antibody response benefit to a third SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adolescent SOTRs.
AHRQ-funded; HS026510.
Citation: Qin CX, Auerbach SR, Charnaya O .
Antibody response to three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in adolescent solid organ transplant recipients.
Am J Transplant 2022 Oct;22(10):2481-83. doi: 10.1111/ajt.17085..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, COVID-19, Vaccination, Transplantation
Butler T, Cummings LS, Purnell TS
The case for prioritizing diversity in the transplantation workforce to advance kidney health equity.
The authors of this article propose a more diverse transplant workforce to address the problem of kidney transplant inequity. Black patients are disproportionately affected by kidney failure and systemic barriers to kidney transplantation such as delayed referrals, which may be due to clinician bias. Workforce diversity would help to alleviate the harm of implicit biases.
AHRQ-funded; HS024600.
Citation: Butler T, Cummings LS, Purnell TS .
The case for prioritizing diversity in the transplantation workforce to advance kidney health equity.
J Am Soc Nephrol 2022 Oct; 33(10):1817-19. doi: 10.1681/asn.2022040429..
Keywords: Kidney Disease and Health, Transplantation, Workforce, Disparities, Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Israni AK, Schladt D, Bruin MJ
Deconstructing silos of knowledge around lung transplantation to support patients: a patient-specific search of scientific registry of transplant recipients data.
This article describes the development of the web site www.transplantcentersearch.org intended to support lung transplant patients by providing program-level data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) on each program in the United States. There is a high level of variation in selection criteria and although nearly half of recipients reside within 50 miles of their transplant program, >30% travel 100 miles or more. The web site allows patients to search for programs in the area of their choosing and receive information on the number of transplants and program factors that are most predictive of recipient survival after listing. Patients can also review information on recipients and donors at each program to further differentiate program options. This feature is patient-specific, allowing the patient to enter information about their clinical background and indicate general preferences for their treatment before receiving counts on recipients and donors matching their entries. The development of the site involved 2 phases. In Phase I the authors examined variations between programs using data on waitlist and transplant outcomes from the SRTR. Phase II involved interviews and focus groups with transplant candidates, recipients, and family members to gain insight into the decision-making process, barriers, and knowledge groups. In the future randomized trials will be conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the web site.
AHRQ-funded; HS026379.
Citation: Israni AK, Schladt D, Bruin MJ .
Deconstructing silos of knowledge around lung transplantation to support patients: a patient-specific search of scientific registry of transplant recipients data.
Transplantation 2022 Aug;106(8):1517-19. doi: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004051..
Keywords: Transplantation, Registries, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Evidence-Based Practice
Alvarado F, Cervantes CE, Crews DC
Examining post-donation outcomes in Hispanic/Latinx living kidney donors in the United States: a systematic review.
The purpose of this systematic qualitative review was to evaluate outcomes in Hispanic donors and examine how Hispanic ethnicity was presented. In October 2021, the researchers reviewed PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus for studies, with 18 meeting the inclusion criteria. Across the studies, Hispanic donors ranged between 6% and 21% of the donor populations. The study found that Hispanic donors were not at increased risk for end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, non-pregnancy-related hospitalizations, overall perioperative surgical complications or post-donation mortality compared to non-Hispanic White donors. Also compared to non-Hispanic White donors, most studies showed Hispanic donors were at higher risk for diabetes mellitus following nephrectomy; however, mixed findings were observed regarding the risk for post-donation chronic kidney disease and hypertension. The researchers concluded that future studies should explain variation in health outcomes by considering and assessing differences within the Hispanic donor population.
AHRQ-funded; HS024600.
Citation: Alvarado F, Cervantes CE, Crews DC .
Examining post-donation outcomes in Hispanic/Latinx living kidney donors in the United States: a systematic review.
Am J Transplant 2022 Jul;22(7):1737-53. doi: 10.1111/ajt.17017..
Keywords: Transplantation, Kidney Disease and Health, Chronic Conditions, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Disparities
Gonzales HM, Fleming JN, Gebregziabher M
A critical analysis of the specific pharmacist interventions and risk assessments during the 12-month TRANSAFE Rx randomized controlled trial.
The objective of this study was to describe frequency and types of interventions made during a pharmacist-led, mobile health-based intervention of high-risk kidney transplant (KTX) recipients and to assess impact on patient risk levels. Primary pharmacist intervention types were medication reconciliation, patient education, and medication changes. The authors concluded that pharmacist-led mHealth may enhance opportunities for interventions and mitigate risk levels in KTX recipients.
AHRQ-funded; HS023754.
Citation: Gonzales HM, Fleming JN, Gebregziabher M .
A critical analysis of the specific pharmacist interventions and risk assessments during the 12-month TRANSAFE Rx randomized controlled trial.
Ann Pharmacother 2022 Jun; 56(6):685-90. doi: 10.1177/10600280211044792..
Keywords: Provider: Pharmacist, Medication: Safety, Medication, Risk, Transplantation, Kidney Disease and Health, Adverse Drug Events (ADE), Medical Errors, Patient Safety
Wall SP, Castillo P, Shuchat Shaw F
Including medical footage and emotional content in organ donation educational videos for Latinx viewers.
The purpose of this 2 x 3 randomized controlled trial was to evaluate whether different types of videos shown in Latinx-owned barbershops and beauty salons affected deceased organ donor registration. Videos included medical footage of organ preservation and transplantation, as well as sad, uplifting, or unresolved stories. Impact was measured as it related to the impact of medical footage and storylines on three variables: registry enrollment, donation willingness and stage of change, and emotions. The study found that 14.8% of participants registered for deceased organ donation. Medical footage, sad, and unresolved stories did not differentially affect registration or willingness to donate organs. Compared to the uplifting story, the sad and unresolved stories increased sadness and decreased positive affect. The educational videos which included or excluded medical footage of organ preservation and transplantation and varying emotional levels of stories did not differentially affect registration. The researchers concluded that future work is necessary to analyze qualitative data that was collected with a subset of participants in order to report the qualitative reasons for participants' registration decisions.
AHRQ-funded; HS016482.
Citation: Wall SP, Castillo P, Shuchat Shaw F .
Including medical footage and emotional content in organ donation educational videos for Latinx viewers.
Health Educ Behav 2022 Jun;49(3):424-36. doi: 10.1177/10901981211022240..
Keywords: Transplantation, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Bowring MG, Massie AB, Schwarz KB
Survival benefit of split-liver transplantation for pediatric and adult candidates.
The patient and graft survival rates for split -liver transplantations (SLTs) among pediatric and adult recipients are similar to those of whole-liver transplantations (WLTs), yet SLTs are rarely used. The purpose of the study was to compare the survival benefit of accepting an offer of a splittable graft vs waiting for a subsequent offer. The researchers utilized data from the 2010 to 2018 Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) on 1814 adult and 928 pediatric liver transplantation candidates ever offered a splittable graft, and compared the eventual mortality between patients who accepted vs declined an offer for an SLT. The study discovered that among adult candidates, acceptance of an SLT offer was associated with a 43% reduction in mortality, and within 1 year of declining an offer 39.3% received a WLT, and 7.9% died. In pediatric cases with a weight of less than or equal to 7 kilograms, acceptance of a split liver offer versus declining the offer was associated with a 63% reduction in mortality, and within 1 year of declining 45.8% received a WLT and 6.4% died. In the group of pediatric cases with weight greater than 7 kilograms there was no significant difference between acceptance of an SLT offer and decline. The study concluded that accepting an offer for SLT could significantly improve survival for adults and small children on the liver transplant waiting list.
AHRQ-funded; HS023876.
Citation: Bowring MG, Massie AB, Schwarz KB .
Survival benefit of split-liver transplantation for pediatric and adult candidates.
Liver Transpl 2022 Jun;28(6):969-82. doi: 10.1002/lt.26393..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Transplantation
Jacobson CE, Heximer A, Olmeda-Barrientos R
Language accessibility of liver transplantation center websites.
This research letter describes an analysis of language accessibility of liver transplantation center websites. The authors surveyed patient-facing educational websites of all 140 active, accredited US liver transplantation centers. Thirty-eight states and the District of Columbia had websites. Inclusion criteria was that they were using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network website. They analyzed each website for non-English content. Excluded were websites from Puerto Rico, as Spanish is the predominant governmental language. A total of 23 states had no transplant websites with online materials in a second language, and 34 sites (24.3%) had resources other than English on their website. California had the highest number of centers with resources in a language other than English, followed by Texas and New York. Spanish was the most common language available at 100% of sites that had resources other than English, followed by Arabic at 38.9% and Mandarin Chinese at 38.9%. A total of 108 different languages were represented among 10 state websites.
AHRQ-funded; HS000053.
Citation: Jacobson CE, Heximer A, Olmeda-Barrientos R .
Language accessibility of liver transplantation center websites.
Liver Transpl 2022 Apr; 28(4):722-24. doi: 10.1002/lt.26343..
Keywords: Transplantation, Clinician-Patient Communication, Communication, Health Information Technology (HIT), Health Literacy
Barreto EF, May HP, Schreier DJ
Development and feasibility of a multidisciplinary approach to AKI survivorship in care transitions: research letter.
The purpose of this study was to observe and describe the development and feasibility of a multidisciplinary approach to caring for acute kidney injury (AKI) survivors at care transitions (ACT). The studied population were adults with stage 3 AKI who were not discharging on dialysis and were established with a primary care provider at the authors’ academic medical center in the U.S. Preliminary data indicated that AKI survivors of interest could primarily be identified, educated, and followed up with using the multidisciplinary approach model, which also maximized the unique expertise of each team member. The authors concluded that this multidisciplinary ACT workflow supported by clinical decision support was feasible, scalable, and addressed gaps in existing care transition models.
AHRQ-funded; HS028060.
Citation: Barreto EF, May HP, Schreier DJ .
Development and feasibility of a multidisciplinary approach to AKI survivorship in care transitions: research letter.
Can J Kidney Health Dis 2022 Mar 6; 9:20543581221081258. doi: 10.1177/20543581221081258..
Keywords: Kidney Disease and Health, Transplantation, Transitions of Care
Kemme S, Yoeli D, Sundaram SS
Decreased access to pediatric liver transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The purpose of the study was to explore and understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nationwide pediatric liver transplants. The researchers compared data for transplant waiting list additions, removals, and liver transplants during pre-COVID-19 (March-November 2016-2019), early COVID-19 (March-May 2020), and late COVID-19 (June-November 2020). The study results showed a 38% decrease in liver transplantations during early COVID-19, recovering to pre-pandemic rates during late COVID-19. White children had a 30% decrease in overall liver transplantation, while non-White children had a 44% decrease in overall liver transplantation. Additions to the waiting list decreased 25% during COVID-19, with Black transplant candidates the most affected, and children spent longer on the waiting list during early COVID-19 compared to pre-COVID-19 (140 vs. 96 days). The study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic decreased access to pediatric liver transplants, especially during early COVID-19. The researchers discussed that although the rate of pediatric liver transplants has resumed to pre-COVID-19 levels, racial disparities must be addressed.
AHRQ-funded; HS026510.
Citation: Kemme S, Yoeli D, Sundaram SS .
Decreased access to pediatric liver transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Pediatr Transplant 2022 Mar;26(2):e14162. doi: 10.1111/petr.14162..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, COVID-19, Transplantation, Access to Care, Disparities
Gianaris K, Vargas GB, Johnson M
Perceived susceptibility to chronic kidney disease and hypertension self-management among Black and White live kidney donors.
This study examines the theory whether Black kidney donors are more likely than White donors to develop hypertension (HTN) and chronic kidney disease after donation. The authors ascertained electronic medical records and phone survey data from live donors enrolled in the multi-center Wellness and Health Outcomes of LivE Donors (WHOLE-Donor) Hypertension Care Study between May 2013 and April 2020. The study cohort included 318 US-based live kidney donors who developed post-donation HTN with 57.6% female, 78.9% White, 18.6% Black, and a mean age of 46.7 years. Donors with diabetes or who were older than 50 years reported being moderately or strongly concerned about kidney disease. A large majority (87%) reported taking at least one action to help control blood pressure, with no significant differences by sociodemographic factors. They found no substantial differences in perceived susceptibility to kidney disease among Black and White donors, despite published evidence that Black donors may experience greater risk of developing kidney disease than White donors.
AHRQ-funded; HS024600.
Citation: Gianaris K, Vargas GB, Johnson M .
Perceived susceptibility to chronic kidney disease and hypertension self-management among Black and White live kidney donors.
Ethn Dis 2022 Spring;32(2):101-08. doi: 10.18865/ed.32.2.101..
Keywords: Kidney Disease and Health, Chronic Conditions, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Transplantation, Patient Self-Management, Blood Pressure
Qin CX, Auerbach SR, Charnaya O
Antibody response to 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
While many adult solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) have impaired antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination, pediatric SOTRs’ response has not been assessed. In this article, the researchers reported the immunogenicity and safety of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in pediatric SOTRs.
AHRQ-funded; HS026510.
Citation: Qin CX, Auerbach SR, Charnaya O .
Antibody response to 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
Am J Transplant 2022 Feb;22(2):669-72. doi: 10.1111/ajt.16841..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Vaccination, COVID-19, Transplantation
Kumar K, Holscher CM, Luo X
Persistent regional and racial disparities in nondirected living kidney donation.
Nondirected living donors (NDLDs) are an important and growing source of kidneys to help reduce the organ shortage. The authors of this study hypothesized that the initial geographic clustering and racial disparities may have improved due to an increase in NDLDs. The authors found that despite the increased number of NDLDs, racial disparities have worsened and the center-level distribution of NDLD transplants has narrowed in recent years.
AHRQ-funded; HS024600.
Citation: Kumar K, Holscher CM, Luo X .
Persistent regional and racial disparities in nondirected living kidney donation.
Clin Transplant 2017 Dec;31(12). doi: 10.1111/ctr.13135..
Keywords: Disparities, Health Services Research (HSR), Policy, Transplantation, Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Henderson ML, Thomas AG, Shaffer A
The national landscape of living kidney donor follow-up in the United States.
The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of the 2013 policy the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing issued. The policy required that transplant centers collect data on living kidney donors (LKDs) at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postdonation, with policy-defined thresholds for the proportion of complete living donor follow-up data submitted in a timely manner (60 days before or after the expected visit date).
AHRQ-funded; HS024600.
Citation: Henderson ML, Thomas AG, Shaffer A .
The national landscape of living kidney donor follow-up in the United States.
Am J Transplant 2017 Dec;17(12):3131-40. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14356..
Keywords: Health Services Research (HSR), Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Policy, Registries, Transplantation
Schaffhausen CR, Bruin MJ, Chesley D
What patients and members of their support networks ask about transplant program data.
This study used qualitative document research methods to review 678 detailed Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) entries and summary counts of 55 362 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) entries to provide a better understanding of what was asked and what requests were most common. Patients sought a wide range of information about outcomes, waiting times, program volumes, and willingness to perform transplants in candidates with specific diseases or demographics.
AHRQ-funded; HS024527.
Citation: Schaffhausen CR, Bruin MJ, Chesley D .
What patients and members of their support networks ask about transplant program data.
Clin Transplant 2017 Dec;31(12). doi: 10.1111/ctr.13125.
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Keywords: Education: Patient and Caregiver, Shared Decision Making, Health Services Research (HSR), Registries, Transplantation
Wey A, Salkowski N, Kasiske BL
Influence of kidney offer acceptance behavior on metrics of allocation efficiency.
This study investigated associations of deceased donor kidney offer acceptance with likelihood of the kidney being discarded, cold ischemia time at transplant (CIT), and likelihood of the kidney being exported outside the donation service area (DSA). The authors suggest that improving lower-than-expected offer acceptance would likely reduce discards, CIT, and exports.
AHRQ-funded; HS024527.
Citation: Wey A, Salkowski N, Kasiske BL .
Influence of kidney offer acceptance behavior on metrics of allocation efficiency.
Clin Transplant 2017 Sep;31(9). doi: 10.1111/ctr.13057..
Keywords: Health Services Research (HSR), Registries, Transplantation
Ashby VB, Leichtman AB, Rees MA
A kidney graft survival calculator that accounts for mismatches in age, sex, HLA, and body size.
Models were adjusted for year of transplant and donor and recipient characteristics, with particular attention to mismatches in age, sex, human leukocyte antigens (HLA), body size, and weight. These models were used to create a calculator of estimated graft survival for living donors. This calculator provides useful information to donors, candidates, and physicians of estimated outcomes and potentially in allowing candidates to choose among several living donors.
AHRQ-funded; HS020610.
Citation: Ashby VB, Leichtman AB, Rees MA .
A kidney graft survival calculator that accounts for mismatches in age, sex, HLA, and body size.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017 Jul 7;12(7):1148-60. doi: 10.2215/cjn.09330916.
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Keywords: Adverse Events, Shared Decision Making, Registries, Risk, Transplantation
Chang SH, Liu X, Carlsson NP
Reexamining the association of body mass index with overall survival outcomes after liver transplantation.
The purpose of this study is to identify the range of body mass index (BMI) at liver transplantation (LT) associated with the lowest risks of posttransplant mortality by Model of End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) category. It concluded that obesity in LT patients is not necessarily associated with higher posttransplantation mortality and highlighted the importance of the interaction between BMI and MELD category to determine their survival likelihood.
AHRQ-funded; HS022330.
Citation: Chang SH, Liu X, Carlsson NP .
Reexamining the association of body mass index with overall survival outcomes after liver transplantation.
Transplant Direct 2017 Jun 12;3(7):e172. doi: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000681.
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Keywords: Obesity, Transplantation, Mortality, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Outcomes
Traino HM, West SM, Nonterah CW
Communicating About Choices in Transplantation (COACH).
This article presents pilot results of the behavioral communication intervention program, Communicating about Choices in Transplantation (COACH), designed to improve transplant candidates' communication about transplantation. The authors indicate that results provided preliminary support for the program's impact. Moreover, participant evaluations of the COACH were overwhelmingly positive. They noted that a more definitive program evaluation with a larger, more diverse sample is currently underway.
AHRQ-funded; HS018113; HS021312.
Citation: Traino HM, West SM, Nonterah CW .
Communicating About Choices in Transplantation (COACH).
Prog Transplant 2017 Mar;27(1):31-38. doi: 10.1177/1526924816679844..
Keywords: Clinician-Patient Communication, Communication, Shared Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Kidney Disease and Health, Transplantation
Rees MA, Dunn TB, Kuhr CS
Kidney exchange to overcome financial barriers to kidney transplantation.
Organ shortage is the major limitation to kidney transplantation in the developed world. This proposal leverages the cost savings achieved through earlier transplantation over dialysis to fund the cost of kidney exchange between developed-world patient-donor pairs with immunological barriers and developing-world patient-donor pairs with financial barriers.
AHRQ-funded; HS020610.
Citation: Rees MA, Dunn TB, Kuhr CS .
Kidney exchange to overcome financial barriers to kidney transplantation.
Am J Transplant 2017 Mar;17(3):782-90. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14106.
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Keywords: Transplantation, Healthcare Costs, Policy, Kidney Disease and Health, Kidney Disease and Health
Raj M, Choi SW, Platt J
A qualitative exploration of the informed consent process in hematopoietic cell transplantation clinical research and opportunities for improvement.
This study found that providers understand informed consent to be a collaborative process requiring engagement and participation of providers, patients and caregivers. 'Markers of success' were identified including cognitive, affective and procedural markers focusing on patient understanding and comfort with the decision to participate. Opportunities for innovating the process included use of decision aids and tablet-based technology, and better use of patient portals.
AHRQ-funded; HS023613.
Citation: Raj M, Choi SW, Platt J .
A qualitative exploration of the informed consent process in hematopoietic cell transplantation clinical research and opportunities for improvement.
Bone Marrow Transplant 2017 Feb;52(2):292-98. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2016.252.
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Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Patient and Family Engagement, Transplantation