National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
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- Access to Care (1)
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- Autism (2)
- Back Health and Pain (2)
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- COVID-19 (4)
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- Cultural Competence (1)
- Dementia (2)
- Depression (2)
- Diabetes (2)
- (-) Diagnostic Safety and Quality (71)
- Disparities (4)
- Education: Curriculum (1)
- Elderly (2)
- Electronic Health Records (EHRs) (4)
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- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) (3)
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- Provider: Nurse (1)
- Public Health (1)
- Quality Improvement (4)
- Quality of Care (4)
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities (5)
- Respiratory Conditions (3)
- Risk (8)
- Screening (5)
- Sepsis (3)
- Sexual Health (1)
- Shared Decision Making (3)
- Skin Conditions (3)
- Social Determinants of Health (2)
- Stroke (4)
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- Treatments (2)
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) (2)
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AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
26 to 50 of 71 Research Studies DisplayedReddy P, Mencin A, Lebwohl B
Risk factors for suboptimal bowel preparation for colonoscopy in pediatric patients.
Suboptimal bowel cleansing is common in children and can impact diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. In this retrospective study, the investigators aimed to identify risk factors for suboptimal bowel preparation for colonoscopy in pediatric patients. The investigators concluded that Medicaid status and English as a second language were risk factors. They highlighted distinct associations from those reported in the adult literature including failure to thrive and younger age.
AHRQ-funded; HS026121.
Citation: Reddy P, Mencin A, Lebwohl B .
Risk factors for suboptimal bowel preparation for colonoscopy in pediatric patients.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021 Jul;73(1):e1-e6. doi: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003114..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Colonoscopy, Risk, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Ganguli I, Cui J, Thakore N
Downstream cascades of care following high-sensitivity troponin test implementation.
This study sought to determine the association of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assay implementation with cascade events. The investigators found that hs-cTn assay implementation was associated with more net upfront tests yet fewer net stress tests, percutaneous coronary interventions, cardiology evaluations, and hospital admissions in patients with chest pain relative to patients with other symptoms.
AHRQ-funded; toHS023812.
Citation: Ganguli I, Cui J, Thakore N .
Downstream cascades of care following high-sensitivity troponin test implementation.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2021 Jun 29;77(25):3171-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.049..
Keywords: Heart Disease and Health, Cardiovascular Conditions, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Adams LB, Baxter SLK, Lightfoot AF
Refining Black men's depression measurement using participatory approaches: a concept mapping study.
This study’s goal was to look at why prevalence of depression is lower for Black males despite cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage and risk factors. For Black men, emotional vulnerability is often seen as a sign of weakness which may potentially mask the timely identification of mental health needs in this population. The authors use concept mapping, which is a structured mixed methods approach to determine how stakeholders of Black men’s health conceptualize their depressive symptoms. Thirty-six stakeholders comprised of Black men, Black women, and primary care providers participated in separate stakeholder groups in 2018. Participants generated 68 characteristics of Black men’s depression reflected in six conceptual clusters: 1) physical states; 2) emotional states; 3) diminished drive; 4) internal conflicts; 5) communication with others; and 6) social pressures. Using a content analysis approach, they found that items comprising the “social pressures” cluster were not reflected in any common depression scales.
AHRQ-funded; HS000032.
Citation: Adams LB, Baxter SLK, Lightfoot AF .
Refining Black men's depression measurement using participatory approaches: a concept mapping study.
BMC Public Health 2021 Jun 22;21(1):1194. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11137-5..
Keywords: Men's Health, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Depression, Behavioral Health, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Zhu Y, Simon GJ, Wick EC
Applying machine learning across sites: external validation of a surgical site infection detection algorithm.
Surgical complications have tremendous consequences and costs. Complication detection is important for quality improvement, but traditional manual chart review is burdensome. Automated mechanisms are needed to make this more efficient. The purpose of the study was to understand the generalizability of a machine learning algorithm between sites; automated surgical site infection (SSI) detection algorithms developed at one center were tested at another distinct center.
AHRQ-funded; HS024532.
Citation: Zhu Y, Simon GJ, Wick EC .
Applying machine learning across sites: external validation of a surgical site infection detection algorithm.
J Am Coll Surg 2021 Jun;232(6):963-71.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.03.026..
Keywords: Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Surgery, Adverse Events, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Health Information Technology (HIT), Quality Improvement, Quality of Care
Michelson KA, Neuman MI, Pruitt CM
Height of fever and invasive bacterial infection.
This study evaluated the association of higher fevers with invasive bacterial infection (IBI) among febrile infants ≤60 days of age. Maximum temperatures of febrile infants with IBI were compared to infants without IBI. The median temperature was higher for infants with IBI (38.8°C) compared to those without IBI (38.4°C). Temperatures ranges of 39°C-39.4°C and 39.5°C-39.9°C were associated with a higher likelihood of IBI, although 30.4% of febrile infants with IBI had maximum temperatures <38.5°C.
AHRQ-funded; HS026006; HS026503.
Citation: Michelson KA, Neuman MI, Pruitt CM .
Height of fever and invasive bacterial infection.
Arch Dis Child 2021 Jun;106(6):594-96. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318548..
Keywords: Newborns/Infants, Infectious Diseases, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Risk
Enayati M, Sir M, Zhang X
Monitoring diagnostic safety risks in emergency departments: protocol for a machine learning study.
This study’s objective will be to identify variables associated with diagnostic errors in emergency departments using large-scale EHR data and machine learning techniques. It will use trigger algorithms with electronic health record (EHR) data repositories to generate a large data set of records that are labeled trigger-positive or trigger-negative, depending on if they meet certain criteria. This study will be conducted by 2 academic medical centers with affiliated community hospitals.
AHRQ-funded; HS027363; HS026622.
Citation: Enayati M, Sir M, Zhang X .
Monitoring diagnostic safety risks in emergency departments: protocol for a machine learning study.
JMIR Res Protoc 2021 Jun 14;10(6):e24642. doi: 10.2196/24642..
Keywords: Emergency Department, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Patient Safety, Risk, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Health Information Technology (HIT)
Levis B, Benedetti A, Ioannidis JPA
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores do not accurately estimate depression prevalence: individual participant data meta-analysis.
The authors compared PHQ-9 ≥10 prevalence to Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (SCID) major depression prevalence and assessed whether an alternative PHQ-9 cutoff could more accurately estimate prevalence. They found that PHQ-9 ≥10 substantially overestimated depression prevalence, as there was too much heterogeneity to correct statistically in individual studies.
AHRQ-funded; HS018246.
Citation: Levis B, Benedetti A, Ioannidis JPA .
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores do not accurately estimate depression prevalence: individual participant data meta-analysis.
J Clin Epidemiol 2020 Jun;122:115-28.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.02.002..
Keywords: Depression, Behavioral Health, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Cifra Cifra, CL Dukes, KC Ayres, et al.
Referral communication for pediatric intensive care unit admission and the diagnosis of critically ill children: a pilot ethnography.
This pilot study’s goal was to determine the feasibility of using focused ethnography to understand the relationship between referral communication and the diagnostic process for critically ill children. Findings showed that focused ethnography in the pediatric intensive care unit is feasible to investigate relationships between clinician referral communication and the diagnostic process for critically ill children.
AHRQ-funded; HS026965.
Citation: Cifra Cifra, CL Dukes, KC Ayres, et al..
Referral communication for pediatric intensive care unit admission and the diagnosis of critically ill children: a pilot ethnography.
J Crit Care 2021 Jun;63:246-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.09.011..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Communication, Critical Care, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Zachrison KS, Li S, Reeves MJ
Strategy for reliable identification of ischaemic stroke, thrombolytics and thrombectomy in large administrative databases.
Administrative data are frequently used in stroke research. Ensuring accurate identification of patients who had an ischaemic stroke, and those receiving thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is critical to ensure representativeness and generalisability. In this study, the investigators examined differences in patient samples based on mode of identification, and proposed a strategy for future patient and procedure identification in large administrative databases.
AHRQ-funded; HS024561.
Citation: Zachrison KS, Li S, Reeves MJ .
Strategy for reliable identification of ischaemic stroke, thrombolytics and thrombectomy in large administrative databases.
Stroke Vasc Neurol 2021 Jun;6(2):194-200. doi: 10.1136/svn-2020-000533..
Keywords: Stroke, Cardiovascular Conditions, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Barwise A, Leppin A, Dong Y
What contributes to diagnostic error or delay? A qualitative exploration across diverse acute care settings in the United States.
This study was part of a mixed-methods approach to understand the organizational, clinician, and patient factors contributing to diagnostic error and delay among acutely ill patients within a health system. Findings showed that clinicians perceived that diverse organizational, communication and coordination, individual clinician, and patient factors interact to impede the process of making timely and accurate diagnoses. This study highlights the complex sociotechnical system within which individual clinicians operate and the contributions of systems, processes, and institutional factors to diagnostic error and delay.
AHRQ-funded; HS026609.
Citation: Barwise A, Leppin A, Dong Y .
What contributes to diagnostic error or delay? A qualitative exploration across diverse acute care settings in the United States.
J Patient Saf 2021 Jun 1;17(4):239-48. doi: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000817..
Keywords: Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Medical Errors, Adverse Drug Events (ADE)
Cifra CL, Westlund E, Ten Eyck P
An estimate of missed pediatric sepsis in the emergency department.
AHRQ-funded; HS025753.
Citation: Cifra CL, Westlund E, Ten Eyck P .
An estimate of missed pediatric sepsis in the emergency department.
Diagnosis 2021;8(2):193-98. doi: 10.1515/dx-2020-0023..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Sepsis, Emergency Department, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Medical Errors, Risk
Michelson KA, Williams DN, Dart AH
Development of a rubric for assessing delayed diagnosis of appendicitis, diabetic ketoacidosis and sepsis.
This study’s objective was to create a guide for objectively grading the likelihood of delayed diagnosis of appendicitis, new-onset diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and sepsis. Case vignettes were constructed for each condition and then presented to expert Delphi panels for review. In each vignette, the patient had a previous emergency department visit within 7 days of the delayed diagnosis. The panels graded the likelihood of a delayed diagnosis on a five-point scale. Consensus was achieved within three Delphi rounds for all appendicitis and sepsis vignettes, and 77% of DKA vignettes. The authors created a case review guide from the consensus scores that will aid researchers and quality improvement specialists in objective case review to determine if delayed diagnosis had occurred for those three conditions.
AHRQ-funded; HS026503.
Citation: Michelson KA, Williams DN, Dart AH .
Development of a rubric for assessing delayed diagnosis of appendicitis, diabetic ketoacidosis and sepsis.
Diagnosis 2021;8(2):219-25. doi: 10.1515/dx-2020-0035..
Keywords: Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Sepsis, Medical Errors, Adverse Events, Patient Safety
Overstreet DS, Michl AN, Penn TM
Temporal summation of mechanical pain prospectively predicts movement-evoked pain severity in adults with chronic low back pain.
The objective of this study was to determine whether quantitative sensory tests of endogenous pain inhibition and facilitation prospectively predict movement-evoked pain and chronic low back pain severity self-reported on a validated questionnaire. Through surveys using the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form, findings suggested that a pro-nociceptive pain modulatory balance characterized by enhanced pain facilitation may be an important driver of movement-evoked pain severity and poor physical function in individuals with chronic low back pain.
AHRQ-funded; HS013852.
Citation: Overstreet DS, Michl AN, Penn TM .
Temporal summation of mechanical pain prospectively predicts movement-evoked pain severity in adults with chronic low back pain.
BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021 May 10;22(1):429. doi: 10.1186/s12891-021-04306-5..
Keywords: Back Health and Pain, Pain, Chronic Conditions, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Huda A, Castaño A, Niyogi A
A machine learning model for identifying patients at risk for wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy.
Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, an often-unrecognized cause of heart failure, is now treatable with a transthyretin stabilizer. It is therefore important to identify at-risk patients who can undergo targeted testing for earlier diagnosis and treatment, prior to the development of irreversible heart failure. In this study, the investigators showed that a random forest machine learning model could identify potential wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy using medical claims data.
AHRQ-funded; HS026385.
Citation: Huda A, Castaño A, Niyogi A .
A machine learning model for identifying patients at risk for wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy.
Nat Commun 2021 May 11;12(1):2725. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22876-9..
Keywords: Heart Disease and Health, Cardiovascular Conditions, Neurological Disorders, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Risk
Campbell JI, Sandora TJ, Haberer JE
A scoping review of paediatric latent tuberculosis infection care cascades: initial steps are lacking.
This literature review looked at current studies on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric latent tuberculosis infection (TB infection), commonly known as the TB infection care cascade. The authors conducted a systematic search of several medical databases and included articles and meeting abstracts that studied children and adolescents 21 years or younger who were screened for or diagnosed with TB infection. They identified 146 studies examining steps in the pediatric TB infection care cascade, including 31 in children living in low- and middle-income countries. Most literature described the final cascade step, which is treatment initiation to completion. Strengths and gaps were identified and future research in examining cascade steps upstream of treatment initiation was recommended.
AHRQ-funded; HS000063.
Citation: Campbell JI, Sandora TJ, Haberer JE .
A scoping review of paediatric latent tuberculosis infection care cascades: initial steps are lacking.
BMJ Glob Health 2021 May;6(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004836..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Respiratory Conditions, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Treatments, Care Management, Evidence-Based Practice
Sick-Samuels AC, Linz M, Bergmann J
Diagnostic stewardship of endotracheal aspirate cultures in a PICU.
This study describes the development and impact of a clinical decision support algorithm to standardize the use of endotracheal aspirate cultures (EACs) from ventilated PICU patients in the evaluation of suspected ventilator-associated infections. Bacterial growth in EACs does not distinguish bacterial colonization from infection and may lead to overtreatment with antibiotics. The rate of EACs was compared pre- and postintervention. In the preintervention year there were 557 EACs over 5092 ventilator days. After introduction of the algorithm the rate went down to 234 EACs over 3654 ventilator days. There was a 41% decrease in the monthly rate of EACs. This intervention did not affect mortality, readmissions, or length of stay in ventilated PICU patients.
AHRQ-funded; HS025642.
Citation: Sick-Samuels AC, Linz M, Bergmann J .
Diagnostic stewardship of endotracheal aspirate cultures in a PICU.
Pediatrics 2021 May;147(5). doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-1634..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Clinical Decision Support (CDS), Shared Decision Making, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Lacson R, Shi J, Kapoor N
Exacerbation of inequities in use of diagnostic radiology during the early stages of reopening after COVID-19.
Researchers assessed diagnostic radiology examination utilization and associated social determinants of health during the early stages of reopening after state-mandated shutdown of nonurgent services because of COVID-19. They found that, despite resumption of nonurgent services, a marked decrease in radiology examination utilization persisted in all care settings post-shutdown, with more significantly decreased odds ratios for having examinations in inpatient and outpatient settings versus in the emergency department. Inequities worsened, with patients from communities with high rates of poverty, unemployment, and chronic disease having significantly lower odds of undergoing radiology examinations post-shutdown. Patients of Asian race and Hispanic ethnicity had significantly lower odds ratios for having examinations post-shutdown compared with White and non-Hispanic patients, respectively.
AHRQ-funded; HS024722.
Citation: Lacson R, Shi J, Kapoor N .
Exacerbation of inequities in use of diagnostic radiology during the early stages of reopening after COVID-19.
J Am Coll Radiol 2021 May;18(5):696-703. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.12.009..
Keywords: COVID-19, Disparities, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Social Determinants of Health
Goldfarb N, Lowes MA, Butt M
Hidradenitis Suppurativa Area and Severity Index Revised (HASI-R): psychometric property assessment.
This study’s objective was to assess the reliability and validity of the Hidradenitis suppurative (HS) Area and Severity Index Revised (HASI-R) tool to assess HS severity. This tool incorporates signs of inflammation and body surface area involved while current tools to measure severity relies on lesion counts, which are time-consuming and unreliable. Measurement properties of HASI-R were evaluated. Twenty raters evaluated 15 HS patients in a hospital-based ambulatory dermatology clinic. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of the HASI-R and its components were assessed, as well as its construct and known-groups validity. The HASI-R was found to have moderate inter-rater reliability and the highest intra-rater reliability of all HS severity assessment tools. It also had good construct validity and demonstrated known-groups validity.
AHRQ-funded; HS024585.
Citation: Goldfarb N, Lowes MA, Butt M .
Hidradenitis Suppurativa Area and Severity Index Revised (HASI-R): psychometric property assessment.
Br J Dermatol 2021 May;184(5):905-12. doi: 10.1111/bjd.19565..
Keywords: Skin Conditions, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Woo K, Adams V, Wilson P
Identifying urinary tract infection-related information in home care nursing notes.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in home care but not easily captured with standard assessment. This study aimed to examine the value of nursing notes in detecting UTI signs and symptoms in home care. The investigators found that information in nursing notes was often overlooked by stakeholders and not integrated into predictive modeling for decision-making support. They indicate that their findings highlighted the value of nursing notes in early risk identification and care guidance.
AHRQ-funded; R01 HS024723.
Citation: Woo K, Adams V, Wilson P .
Identifying urinary tract infection-related information in home care nursing notes.
J Am Med Dir Assoc 2021 May;22(5):1015-21.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.12.010..
Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Home Healthcare, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Ricci KB, Oslock WM, Ingraham AM
Importance of radiologists in optimizing outcomes for older Americans with acute abdomen.
Patients presenting with acute abdominal pain often undergo a computed tomography (CT) scan as part of their diagnostic workup. The authors of this study investigated the relationship between availability, timeliness, and interpretation of CT imaging and outcomes for life-threatening intra-abdominal diseases or "acute abdomen," in older Americans. The investigators concluded that delays obtaining results were associated with adverse outcomes in older patients with acute abdomen.
AHRQ-funded; HS022694.
Citation: Ricci KB, Oslock WM, Ingraham AM .
Importance of radiologists in optimizing outcomes for older Americans with acute abdomen.
J Surg Res 2021 May;261:361-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.12.022..
Keywords: Elderly, Imaging, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Maduekwe UN, Herb JN, Esther RJ
Pathologic nodal staging for clinically node negative soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities.
This study looked at the need for pathological nodal staging in patients with extremity synovial, clear cell, angiosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and epithelioid (SCARE) soft tissue sarcoma. Patients included were without clinical nodal involvement undergoing surgical resection in the National Cancer Database (2004-2017). The cohort included 4158 patients, with 669 patients (16%) undergoing regional lymph node surgery (RLNS). Patients with epithelioid and clear cell sarcomas were most likely to undergo RLNS. Forty-five (7%) had positive nodes with clear cell sarcoma (14%) and angiosarcoma (13%) having the highest rates of nodal positivity. Five-year survival was reduced in patients with positive nodes.
AHRQ-funded; HS000032.
Citation: Maduekwe UN, Herb JN, Esther RJ .
Pathologic nodal staging for clinically node negative soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities.
J Surg Oncol 2021 May;123(8):1792-800. doi: 10.1002/jso.26465..
Keywords: Cancer, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Treatments
Desai S, Kapoor N, Hammer MM
RADAR: a closed-loop quality improvement initiative leveraging a safety net model for incidental pulmonary nodule management.
This study was conducted to assess whether patients with incidental pulmonary nodules (IPNs) received timely follow-up care after implementation of a quality improvement (QI) initiative between radiologists and primary care providers. A QI initiative, RADAR (Radiology Result Alert and Development of Automated Resolution), was implemented. Findings showed that the RADAR QI initiative was associated with increased timely IPN follow-up.
AHRQ-funded; HS024722.
Citation: Desai S, Kapoor N, Hammer MM .
RADAR: a closed-loop quality improvement initiative leveraging a safety net model for incidental pulmonary nodule management.
Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2021 May;47(5):275-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjq.2020.12.006..
Keywords: Quality Improvement, Quality of Care, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Imaging
Srivastava S, Clark B, Landy-Schmitt C
Repetitive and self-injurious behaviors in children with Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
AHRQ-funded; HS023000.
Citation: Srivastava S, Clark B, Landy-Schmitt C .
Repetitive and self-injurious behaviors in children with Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
J Autism Dev Disord 2021 May;51(5):1748-58. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04617-x..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Neurological Disorders, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Gleason K, Harkless G, Stanley J
The critical need for nursing education to address the diagnostic process.
In this paper, the authors reviewed the history and current state of diagnostic education in pre-licensure registered nurse preparation, introduced interprofessional individual- and team-based competencies to improve diagnostic safety, and discussed the next steps for nursing education.
AHRQ-funded; HS027198.
Citation: Gleason K, Harkless G, Stanley J .
The critical need for nursing education to address the diagnostic process.
Nurs Outlook 2021 May-Jun;69(3):362-69. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.12.005..
Keywords: Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Provider: Nurse, Education: Curriculum
Asti L, Hopley C, Avelis C
The potential clinical and economic value of a human papillomavirus primary screening test that additionally identifies genotypes 31, 45, 51, and 52 individually.
This study looked at the potential clinical and economic value of a human papillomavirus (HPV) primary screening test that additionally identified genotypes 31,45,51, and 52 along with genotypes 16 and 18. The authors developed a Markov model of the HPV disease course and evaluated the clinical and economic value of HPV primary screening with Onclarity. Currently HPV primary screening results in 25,194 invasive procedures and 48 invasive cervical cancer (ICC) cases per 100,000 women. Screening with extended genotyping and later screening women with certain genotypes averted 903 to 3163 invasive procedures and results in 0 to 3 more ICC cases compared with current primary screening tests. Extended genotyping was cost effective when costing $75 and cost saving when costing $43. When the probabilities of disease progression increased 2-4 times, it was not cost-effective because it resulted in more ICC cases and accrued fewer quality-adjusted life-years.
AHRQ-funded; HS023317.
Citation: Asti L, Hopley C, Avelis C .
The potential clinical and economic value of a human papillomavirus primary screening test that additionally identifies genotypes 31, 45, 51, and 52 individually.
Sex Transm Dis 2021 May;48(5):370-80. doi: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001327.
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Keywords: Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, Screening, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Genetics, Cancer: Cervical Cancer, Cancer, Women