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AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
1 to 25 of 69 Research Studies DisplayedAgbalajobi OM, Gmelin T, Moon AM
Characteristics of opioid prescribing to outpatients with chronic liver diseases: a call for action.
This retrospective cohort study investigated opioid prescribing patterns among patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) at a single medical center. These patients (12,425) were followed for one year from October 2015 to September 2016. Nearly half (47%) were prescribed opioids over a one-year period, with 17% receiving high-risk prescriptions. Characteristics associated with high-risk opioid prescriptions included female gender, Medicaid insurance, cirrhosis and baseline chronic pain, depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and Charlson comorbidity score. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was associated with decreased high-risk opioid prescriptions.
AHRQ-funded; HS019461.
Citation: Agbalajobi OM, Gmelin T, Moon AM .
Characteristics of opioid prescribing to outpatients with chronic liver diseases: a call for action.
PLoS One 2021 Dec 17;16(12):e0261377. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261377..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Practice Patterns, Pain, Chronic Conditions
Deshpande BR, McCarthy EP, Jung Y
Initiation of long-acting opioids following hospital discharge among Medicare beneficiaries.
This study investigated the incidence of long-acting opioid initiation following acute care hospitalization among a retrospective cohort of Medicare beneficiaries in 2016 who were 65 years or older, who did not have cancer or hospice care, and had not filled an opioid prescription within the preceding 90 days. Among 258,193 hospitalizations, 18.6% were associated with a claim for a new opioid prescription in the week after hospital discharge: 0.3% with both short- and long-acting opioids, 0.1% with long-acting opioids only, and 18.2% with short-acting opioids only. Most long-acting opioid prescriptions occurred with surgical patients (81.7%). Beneficiaries of long-acting opioids were younger, had a higher prevalence of diseases of the musculoskeletal and connective tissues, and had more known risk factors of opioid-related adverse events compared to patients prescribed short-acting opioids.
AHRQ-funded; HS026215.
Citation: Deshpande BR, McCarthy EP, Jung Y .
Initiation of long-acting opioids following hospital discharge among Medicare beneficiaries.
J Hosp Med 2021 Dec;16(12):724-26. doi: 10.12788/jhm.3721..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Hospital Discharge
Cerda M, Wheeler-Martin K, Bruzelius E
Spatiotemporal analysis of the association between pain management clinic laws and opioid prescribing and overdose deaths.
The authors investigated the impact of pain management clinic laws. They analyzed data on county-level, opioid overdose deaths via the National Vital Statistics System and patients filling long-duration or high-dose opioid prescriptions in the US 2010-2018. Their findings suggested that laws with criminal penalties were associated with intended reductions in high-risk opioid prescribing and some opioid overdoses but raised concerns regarding unintended consequences on heroin/synthetic overdoses.
AHRQ-funded; HS023258.
Citation: Cerda M, Wheeler-Martin K, Bruzelius E .
Spatiotemporal analysis of the association between pain management clinic laws and opioid prescribing and overdose deaths.
Am J Epidemiol 2021 Dec;190(12):2592-603. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab192..
Keywords: Opioids, Pain, Chronic Conditions, Medication, Practice Patterns, Policy
Schirle L, Jeffery A, Yaqoob A
Two data-driven approaches to identifying the spectrum of problematic opioid use: a pilot study within a chronic pain cohort.
Although electronic health records (EHR) have significant potential for the study of opioid use disorders (OUD), detecting OUD in clinical data is challenging. Models using EHR data to predict OUD often rely on case/control classifications focused on extreme opioid use. IN this study, the investigators discussed two data-driven approaches to identifying the spectrum of problematic opioid use. The investigators concluded that risk scores comprising comorbidities and text offer differing but synergistic insights into characterizing problematic opioid use.
AHRQ-funded; HS026395.
Citation: Schirle L, Jeffery A, Yaqoob A .
Two data-driven approaches to identifying the spectrum of problematic opioid use: a pilot study within a chronic pain cohort.
Int J Med Inform 2021 Dec;156:104621. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.104621..
Keywords: Opioids, Pain, Chronic Conditions, Medication, Health Information Technology (HIT)
Wyse JJ, Morasco BJ, Dougherty J
Adjunct interventions to standard medical management of buprenorphine in outpatient settings: a systematic review of the evidence.
A growing body of research has examined adjunctive interventions supportive of engagement and retention in treatment among patients receiving buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (OUD). In this study the investigators conducted a systematic review of the literature addressing the effect on key outcomes of adjunctive interventions provided alongside standard medical management of buprenorphine in outpatient settings.
AHRQ-funded; HS026370.
Citation: Wyse JJ, Morasco BJ, Dougherty J .
Adjunct interventions to standard medical management of buprenorphine in outpatient settings: a systematic review of the evidence.
Drug Alcohol Depend 2021 Nov 1;228:108923. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108923..
Keywords: Opioids, Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health, Medication
Cook RR, Torralva R, King C
Associations between fentanyl use and initiation, persistence, and retention on medications for opioid use disorder among people living with uncontrolled HIV disease.
This study examined the associations between fentanyl use and initiation, persistence, and retention on medications for opioid use disorder (OUD) among people living with uncontrolled HIV disease. Data from a multisite clinical trial was used to compare extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) with treatment as usual (TAU: buprenorphine or methadone) to achieve HIV viral suppression among people with OUD and uncontrolled HIV disease. Exposure to fentanyl use was measured by urine drug screening. The cohort was 11 participants had an average age of 47 years, were 62% male, 57% Black and 13% Hispanic. Baseline fentanyl use was 64% for participants. Participants with baseline fentanyl use were 11 times less likely to initiative XR-NTX than those negative for fentanyl, but there was no evidence that fentanyl use impacted the likelihood of TAU initiation.
AHRQ-funded; HS026370.
Citation: Cook RR, Torralva R, King C .
Associations between fentanyl use and initiation, persistence, and retention on medications for opioid use disorder among people living with uncontrolled HIV disease.
Drug Alcohol Depend 2021 Nov 1;228:109077. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109077..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Chronic Conditions
Goyal MK, Drendel AL, Chamberlain JM
Racial/ethnic differences in ED opioid prescriptions for long bone fractures: trends over time.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether racial and/or ethnic differences in provision of outpatient opioid prescriptions for children discharged from the ED with long bone fractures have decreased over time. Findings showed that, as provision of opioid prescriptions declined over time, previously marked racial and/or ethnic disparities in opioid
prescription rates at ED discharge decreased.
prescription rates at ED discharge decreased.
AHRQ-funded; HS020270.
Citation: Goyal MK, Drendel AL, Chamberlain JM .
Racial/ethnic differences in ED opioid prescriptions for long bone fractures: trends over time.
Pediatrics 2021 Nov;148(5):e2021052481. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-052481..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Opioids, Emergency Department, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Injuries and Wounds, Pain, Medication
Sussman AL, Crawford JN, Brakey HR
Use of a benchmark tracking assessment to support expansion of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder in primary care.
Barriers to the expansion of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment in primary care using buprenorphine are well documented. Providers require support along a continuum. A systematic tracking framework to enhance provider progress along this continuum is lacking. The investigators developed a benchmark tracking assessment (BTA) as part of data collection in a 5-year study to examine the impact of provider participation in an online intervention to support expansion of buprenorphine treatment for OUD in rural primary care.
AHRQ-funded; HS025345.
Citation: Sussman AL, Crawford JN, Brakey HR .
Use of a benchmark tracking assessment to support expansion of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder in primary care.
J Am Board Fam Med 2021 Nov-Dec;34(6):1216-20. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.06.210111..
Keywords: Opioids, Primary Care, Medication, Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health
Nair AA, Farber HJ, Chen H
Utilization of opioid versus non-opioid analgesics in Medicaid and CHIP enrolled children with current asthma.
Opioid analgesics are frequently dispensed in children despite its known risk in children with a compromised airway function. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of opioid analgesic dispensing in children with current asthma and to identify patient and prescriber factors associated with the dispensing of opioid versus non-opioid analgesics. The investigators concluded that opioid analgesics are frequently dispensed to children with asthma. A higher dispensing rate was observed among non-Hispanic White children and among those with a history of uncontrolled asthma.
AHRQ-funded; HS026790.
Citation: Nair AA, Farber HJ, Chen H .
Utilization of opioid versus non-opioid analgesics in Medicaid and CHIP enrolled children with current asthma.
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021 Nov;30(11):1520-31. doi: 10.1002/pds.5336..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), Opioids, Medication, Asthma, Respiratory Conditions
Keenan KE, Rothberg MB, Herzig SJ
Association between opioids prescribed to medical inpatients with pain and long-term opioid use.
This study’s objective was to identify the association between opioid exposure during a medical hospitalization and opioid use 6 to 12 months later. This observational cohort study used electronic health record data from 10 hospitals in the Cleveland Clinic Health System in 2016. Eligible patients were opioid-naïve adults with pain 18 years and older. The authors estimated the odds of long-term opioid use (defined as ≥2 prescriptions for at least 30 pills 6 to 12 months posthospitalization) by opioid exposure during the hospitalization. Among the 2971 patients in the study, 64% received opioids during their hospitalization, and 28% were discharged with opioids. A total of 3% of patients had long-term use with a higher pain score associated with greater odds of long-term use.
AHRQ-funded; HS026215.
Citation: Keenan KE, Rothberg MB, Herzig SJ .
Association between opioids prescribed to medical inpatients with pain and long-term opioid use.
South Med J 2021 Oct;114(10):623-29. doi: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001307..
Keywords: Opioids, Hospitalization, Pain, Substance Abuse, Medication
Lipira L, Leichtling G, Cook RR
Predictors of having naloxone in urban and rural Oregon findings from NHBS and the OR-HOPE study.
Investigators determined the proportion of people who had naloxone and identified predictors of naloxone ownership among two samples of people who inject drugs (PWID) who use opioids in Portland and rural Western Oregon. Using data from participants in two studies, they found that 61% of the Portland group and 30 % of the Oregon group had naloxone. The authors concluded that naloxone ownership was insufficient and highly variable among two samples of PWID who use opioids in Oregon. Further, people who use methamphetamine, males, and people experiencing homelessness may be at increased risk for not having naloxone, and syringe service programs may play a key role in improving access.
AHRQ-funded; HS026370.
Citation: Lipira L, Leichtling G, Cook RR .
Predictors of having naloxone in urban and rural Oregon findings from NHBS and the OR-HOPE study.
Drug Alcohol Depend 2021 Oct 1;227:108912. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108912..
Keywords: Opioids, Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health, Medication
Renny MH, Yin HS, Jent V
Temporal trends in opioid prescribing practices in children, adolescents, and younger adults in the US from 2006 to 2018.
Prescription opioids are involved in more than half of opioid overdoses among younger persons. Understanding opioid prescribing practices is essential for developing appropriate interventions for this population. The objective of this study was to examine temporal trends in opioid prescribing practices in children, adolescents, and younger adults in the US from 2006 to 2018.
AHRQ-funded; HS026120.
Citation: Renny MH, Yin HS, Jent V .
Temporal trends in opioid prescribing practices in children, adolescents, and younger adults in the US from 2006 to 2018.
JAMA Pediatr 2021 Oct;175(10):1043-52. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1832..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Young Adults, Opioids, Practice Patterns, Medication
Herzig SJ, Anderson TS, Jung Y
Relative risks of adverse events among older adults receiving opioids versus NSAIDs after hospital discharge: a nationwide cohort study.
This retrospective cohort study’s objective was to determine the incidence and risk of post-discharge adverse events among opioid claims in the week after hospital discharge, compared to those with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) claims alone. A national sample of Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older who were hospitalized in the United States in 2016 was used. Beneficiaries who were admitted from or discharged to a facility were excluded. The authors used 3:1 propensity matching to match beneficiaries with an opioid claim in the week after discharge (13,385) with beneficiaries with NSAID claim alone (4,677). Beneficiaries receiving opioids had a higher incidence of death, healthcare utilization, and any potential adverse effect compared to those with an NSAID claim only. Specific adverse effects included higher relative risk of fall/fracture, nausea/vomiting, and slowed colonic motility.
AHRQ-funded; HS026215.
Citation: Herzig SJ, Anderson TS, Jung Y .
Relative risks of adverse events among older adults receiving opioids versus NSAIDs after hospital discharge: a nationwide cohort study.
PLoS Med 2021 Sep 27;18(9):e1003804. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003804..
Keywords: Elderly, Opioids, Medication, Medication: Safety, Adverse Drug Events (ADE), Adverse Events, Patient Safety, Risk, Hospital Discharge
Enzinger AC, Ghosh K, Keating NL
US trends in opioid access among patients with poor prognosis cancer near the end-of-life.
This study looked at trends in opioid prescriptions for cancer patients near the end-of-life (EOL) defined as the 30 days before death or hospice enrollment. The authors looked at Medicare part D data from 2007 to 2017 for 270,632 Medicare fee-for-service decedents with poor prognosis cancers. During that time, the proportion of decedents with poor prognosis cancers receiving 1 or greater opioid prescriptions near EOL declined 15.5% and the proportion receiving 1 or greater long-acting opioid prescriptions declined 36.5% to 18.1%. The mean daily dose fell from 24.5%, from 85.6 morphine milligram equivalents per day (MMED) to 64.6. The total amount of opioids prescribed fell from 1,075 morphine milligram equivalents per decedent to 666 morphine milligram equivalents per decedents. At the same time, the proportion of patients with pain-related ED visits increase 50.8% from 13.2% to 19.9%.
AHRQ-funded; HS024072.
Citation: Enzinger AC, Ghosh K, Keating NL .
US trends in opioid access among patients with poor prognosis cancer near the end-of-life.
J Clin Oncol 2021 Sep 10;39(26):2948-58. doi: 10.1200/jco.21.00476..
Keywords: Cancer, Opioids, Palliative Care, Pain, Access to Care, Medication, Practice Patterns
Heins SE, Castillo RC
Changes in opioid prescribing following the implementation of state policies limiting morphine equivalent daily dose in a commercially insured population.
The study’s objective was to evaluate the impact of state-level morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) policies on opioid prescribing among the privately insured using claims data from 9 policy states and 2 control states and a comparative interrupted time series design. Findings showed that MEDD policies were associated with decreased use of any opioids relative to control states, but with no change in high-dose prescribing. Recommendations included further research to understand the mechanisms through which MEDD policies may influence prescribing behavior.
AHRQ-funded; HS025557.
Citation: Heins SE, Castillo RC .
Changes in opioid prescribing following the implementation of state policies limiting morphine equivalent daily dose in a commercially insured population.
Med Care 2021 Sep;59(9):801-07. doi: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001587..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Policy, Practice Patterns
Ko JY, Hirai AH, Owens PL
AHRQ Author: Owens PL
Neonatal abstinence syndrome and maternal opioid-related diagnoses: analysis of ICD-10-CM transition, 2013-2017.
Researchers sought to evaluate whether the transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM may have affected surveillance on rates of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), maternal opioid use disorder (OUD), and opioid-related diagnoses. Using HCUP data, they found that the ICD-10-CM transition did not appear to affect NAS. However, coding of maternal OUD alone may not capture the same population across the transition, potentially confounding the interpretation of trend data spanning this time period.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Ko JY, Hirai AH, Owens PL .
Neonatal abstinence syndrome and maternal opioid-related diagnoses: analysis of ICD-10-CM transition, 2013-2017.
Hosp Pediatr 2021 Aug;11(8):902-08. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2021-005845..
Keywords: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Newborns/Infants, Opioids, Medication, Pregnancy, Substance Abuse
Bedford T, Adediran T, Haycock NR
Patient and provider acceptability of a patient preauthorized concealed opioid reduction.
Researchers investigated patient and provider acceptance of a concealed opioid reduction for chronic pain. They conducted a cross-sectional survey with patients who are taking or have taken high dose opioids via REDcap, and with providers via a validated questionnaire. They found that patients and providers have positive attitudes toward a concealed reduction of opioid dosages. They concluded that their findings support future randomized controlled trials that compare concealed and overt opioid tapering in patients with chronic pain.
AHRQ-funded; HS022135.
Citation: Bedford T, Adediran T, Haycock NR .
Patient and provider acceptability of a patient preauthorized concealed opioid reduction.
Pain Med 2021 Jul 25;22(7):1651-59. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnaa454..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Pain, Chronic Conditions
Morden NE, Chyn D, Wood A
Racial inequality in prescription opioid receipt - role of individual health systems.
The purpose of this study was to explore the contribution of individual health systems in the receipt of prescription opioids among racial groups in the United States. Medicare claims data for 2016-2017 was used to obtain a random 40% national sample of fee-for-service, Black and White beneficiaries 18 to 64 years of age and identify 310 racially diverse systems. Findings showed that, within individual health systems, Black and White patients received markedly different opioid doses. These system-specific findings could facilitate exploration of the causes and consequences of these differences.
AHRQ-funded; HS024075.
Citation: Morden NE, Chyn D, Wood A .
Racial inequality in prescription opioid receipt - role of individual health systems.
N Engl J Med 2021 Jul 22;385(4):342-51. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa2034159..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Disparities, Practice Patterns
Lillie KM, Shaw J, Jansen KJ
Buprenorphine/naloxone for opioid use disorder among Alaska Native and American Indian people.
Opioid-related disparities are magnified among Alaska Native and American Indian (ANAI) people. Yet, no outcome studies on medication for addiction treatment, an effective treatment in other populations, among ANAI people exist. The objective of this study was to identify variables associated with buprenorphine/naloxone retention among ANAI people with opioid use disorder (OUD). The investigators concluded that younger patients and those with co-occurring substance use remained at higher risk of discontinuing buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for OUD in this population of ANAI people.
AHRQ-funded; HS023207.
Citation: Lillie KM, Shaw J, Jansen KJ .
Buprenorphine/naloxone for opioid use disorder among Alaska Native and American Indian people.
J Addict Med 2021 Jul-Aug 01;15(4):297-302. doi: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000757..
Keywords: Opioids, Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health, Medication, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Vulnerable Populations
Teoh L, Thompson W, Hubbard CC
Comparison of dental benzodiazepine prescriptions from the U.S., England, and Australia from 2013 to 2018.
Benzodiazepines contribute to substance use disorder and are often part of polydrug abuse, most frequently with opioids. Although dental opioid prescribing differs significantly between countries, little is known about the patterns of dental benzodiazepine prescribing. The aim of this study was to compare dental prescribing of benzodiazepines among the U.S., England, and Australia in 2013-2018.
AHRQ-funded; HS025177.
Citation: Teoh L, Thompson W, Hubbard CC .
Comparison of dental benzodiazepine prescriptions from the U.S., England, and Australia from 2013 to 2018.
Am J Prev Med 2021 Jul;61(1):73-79. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.025..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Practice Patterns, Dental and Oral Health
Rogal S, Youk A, Agbalajobi O
Medication treatment of active opioid use disorder in veterans with cirrhosis.
Although opioid use disorder (OUD) is common in patients with cirrhosis, it is unclear how medication treatment for OUD (MOUD) is used in this population. In this study, the investigators aimed to assess the factors associated with MOUD and mortality in a cohort of Veterans with cirrhosis and OUD. The investigators found that few Veterans with active OUD and cirrhosis received MOUD, and those with alcohol use disorder, schizophrenia, and previous prescriptions for opioids were least likely to receive these effective therapies.
AHRQ-funded; HS019461.
Citation: Rogal S, Youk A, Agbalajobi O .
Medication treatment of active opioid use disorder in veterans with cirrhosis.
Am J Gastroenterol 2021 Jul;116(7):1406-13. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001228..
Keywords: Opioids, Substance Abuse, Medication
Worsham CM, Woo J, Jena AB
Adverse events and emergency department opioid prescriptions in adolescents.
Understanding the risks associated with opioid prescription in adolescents is critical for informing opioid policy, but the risks are challenging to quantify given the lack of randomized trial data. Using a regression discontinuity design, the investigators exploited a discontinuous increase in opioid prescribing in the emergency department (ED) when adolescents transitioned from "child" to "adult" at age eighteen to estimate the effect of an ED opioid prescription on subsequent opioid-related adverse events.
AHRQ-funded; HS026753.
Citation: Worsham CM, Woo J, Jena AB .
Adverse events and emergency department opioid prescriptions in adolescents.
Health Aff 2021 Jun;40(6):970-78. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01762..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Emergency Department, Opioids, Medication, Adverse Drug Events (ADE), Adverse Events, Patient Safety, Practice Patterns
Bernard DM, Encinosa W, Cohen J
AHRQ Author: Bernard DM Encinosa W Cohen J Fang Z
Patient factors that affect opioid use among adults with and without chronic pain.
Investigators sought to determine patient characteristics associated with opioid use among adults with and without chronic pain treatment. Using MEPS data, they found that health-related attitudes affect both adults with and without chronic pain treatment similarly. Adults with self-reliant health attitudes were less likely to start and more likely to discontinue opioid use. Exercise was associated with higher probability of choosing no analgesic treatments over using opioids and also with higher probability of discontinuing opioid use in the year following opioid initiation for those electing to use them.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Bernard DM, Encinosa W, Cohen J .
Patient factors that affect opioid use among adults with and without chronic pain.
Res Social Adm Pharm 2021 Jun;17(6):1059-65. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.036..
Keywords: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), Opioids, Medication, Pain, Chronic Conditions
Simon CB, Klein JW, Bradley KA
Primary care patients with opioid use disorder have a high prevalence of pain and mental health and other substance use disorders.
One potential challenge of treating OUD in primary care is comorbidity. Mental health and substance use disorders and chronic pain are common in patients with Opioid Use Disorders (OUDs) in specialty OUD treatment settings and on confidential surveys, but the prevalence of such comorbidity in primary care patients with OUD has not been confirmed. This brief report addressed that gap.
AHRQ-funded; HS023173.
Citation: Simon CB, Klein JW, Bradley KA .
Primary care patients with opioid use disorder have a high prevalence of pain and mental health and other substance use disorders.
J Gen Intern Med 2021 Jun;36(6):1799-801. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05820-3..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health, Primary Care
Hubbard CC, Evans CT, Calip GS
Characteristics associated with opioid and antibiotic prescribing by dentists.
The objective of this study was to identify county-level characteristics that may be high-impact targets for opioid and antibiotic interventions to improve dental prescribing. The investigators concluded that dental prescribing of opioids was decreasing, whereas dental antibiotic prescribing was increasing. High prescribing of antibiotics was associated with high prescribing of opioids. The investigators suggested that strategies focused on optimizing dental antibiotics and opioids are needed given their impact on population health.
AHRQ-funded; HS025177.
Citation: Hubbard CC, Evans CT, Calip GS .
Characteristics associated with opioid and antibiotic prescribing by dentists.
Am J Prev Med 2021 May;60(5):648-57. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.11.017..
Keywords: Antibiotics, Opioids, Medication, Practice Patterns