National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
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Topics
- Adverse Drug Events (ADE) (5)
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- Antibiotics (9)
- Antimicrobial Stewardship (2)
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- Asthma (6)
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- Guidelines (2)
- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) (2)
- Healthcare Costs (3)
- Healthcare Utilization (1)
- Health Information Technology (HIT) (1)
- Health Insurance (1)
- Home Healthcare (1)
- Hospital Discharge (2)
- Hospitals (1)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (1)
- Infectious Diseases (1)
- Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (1)
- Medicaid (5)
- (-) Medication (35)
- Medication: Safety (4)
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (1)
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- Patient Adherence/Compliance (2)
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- Patient Self-Management (1)
- Policy (1)
- Practice Patterns (4)
- Prevention (1)
- Primary Care (1)
- Quality Measures (1)
- Quality of Care (2)
- Quality of Life (1)
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities (1)
- Respiratory Conditions (2)
- Risk (2)
- Sickle Cell Disease (1)
- Skin Conditions (1)
- Teams (1)
- Transitions of Care (1)
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) (1)
- Vulnerable Populations (1)
- Young Adults (1)
AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
1 to 25 of 35 Research Studies DisplayedParikh K, Perry K, Pantor C
Multidisciplinary engagement increases medications in-hand for patients hospitalized with asthma.
Asthma exacerbations in children are a leading cause of missed school days and health care use. Patients discharged from the hospital often do not fill discharge prescriptions and are at risk for future exacerbations. In this study, a multidisciplinary team aimed to increase the percentage of patients discharged from the hospital after an asthma exacerbation with their medications in-hand from 15% to 80%.
AHRQ-funded; HS024554.
Citation: Parikh K, Perry K, Pantor C .
Multidisciplinary engagement increases medications in-hand for patients hospitalized with asthma.
Pediatrics 2019 Dec;144(6). doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-0674..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Asthma, Medication, Patient Adherence/Compliance, Teams, Hospital Discharge, Transitions of Care
Bushnell GA, Crystal S, Olfson M
Prescription benzodiazepine use in privately insured U.S. children and adolescents.
The goal of this cohort study was to describe youth initiating prescription benzodiazepine treatment, identify potential indications and prescribing concerns, estimate the duration of treatment by potential indication, and identify factors that predict long-term use. Investigators found that U.S. children and adolescents are prescribed benzodiazepines for various mental health and other medical conditions, many lacking evidence of pediatric efficacy. They concluded that long-term benzodiazepine treatment, concurrent opioid prescriptions, psychotropic use, and prior substance use disorder diagnoses suggest safety risks among some youth prescribed benzodiazepines.
AHRQ-funded; HS026001; HS021112; HS023258.
Citation: Bushnell GA, Crystal S, Olfson M .
Prescription benzodiazepine use in privately insured U.S. children and adolescents.
Am J Prev Med 2019 Dec;57(6):775-85. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.006..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Medication, Medication: Safety, Patient Safety
Jones YO, Hubbell BB, Thomson J
Things we do for no reason: systemic corticosteroids for wheezing in preschool-aged children.
This installment of the “Things We Do For No Reason” series presents and discusses a case study concerning the administration of systemic corticosteroids in a 4-year-old child presenting with wheezing, tachypnea, and respiratory distress. The authors conclude that current evidence does not support the routine use of systemic corticosteroids for preschool-aged children admitted for mild to moderate wheezing episodes, and that the patient in the introductory case would likely receive no clinical benefit from dexamethasone treatment.
AHRQ-funded; HS025138.
Citation: Jones YO, Hubbell BB, Thomson J .
Things we do for no reason: systemic corticosteroids for wheezing in preschool-aged children.
J Hosp Med 2019 Dec;14(12):774-76. doi: 10.12788/jhm.3255..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Respiratory Conditions, Asthma, Case Study, Decision Making, Medication
Volerman A, Fierstein J, Boon K
Factors associated with effective inhaler technique among children with moderate to severe asthma.
Guidelines recommend that children and families receive education about and demonstration of effective inhaler technique as part of asthma self-management education. For youth, improved inhaler technique is associated with better quality of life and decreased health care use, yet technique remains suboptimal. To understand potential reasons for differences in inhaler skills, this study examined individual- and health care-level factors associated with effective inhaler technique among children.
AHRQ-funded; HS026385.
Citation: Volerman A, Fierstein J, Boon K .
Factors associated with effective inhaler technique among children with moderate to severe asthma.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019 Nov;123(5):511-12.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.017.
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Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Asthma, Chronic Conditions, Patient Self-Management, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Medication, Quality of Life
Olin S, Storfer-Isser A, Morden E
Quality measures for managing prescription of antipsychotic medication among youths: factors associated with health plan performance.
This study examined the performance of health plans on two Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measures: metabolic monitoring of children and adolescents prescribed an antipsychotic and use of first-line psychosocial care for children and adolescents prescribed an antipsychotic for a nonindicated use. This study then identified key plan characteristics and other contextual factors associated with health plan performance on quality measures related to pediatric antipsychotic prescribing. Findings suggested that quality measures, in conjunction with policies such as prior authorization, can encourage better care delivery to vulnerable populations.
ARHQ-funded; HS020503; HS025296.
Citation: Olin S, Storfer-Isser A, Morden E .
Quality measures for managing prescription of antipsychotic medication among youths: factors associated with health plan performance.
Psychiatr Serv 2019 Nov;70(11):1020-26. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900089..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Medication, Behavioral Health, Quality Measures, Quality of Care, Health Insurance
Goswami E, Ogden RK, Bennett WE
Evidence-based development of a nephrotoxic medication list to screen for acute kidney injury risk in hospitalized children.
This paper describes an initiative to develop an evidence-based list of nephrotoxic medications to screen for acute kidney injury (AKI) risk in hospitalized children. This initiative, called the Nephrotoxic Injury Negated by Just-in-time Action quality improvement collaborative, convened a Nephrotoxic Medication (NTMx) Subcommittee composed of pediatric nephrologists, a pharmacist, and a pediatric intensivist. The committee reviewed NTMx lists, conducted a literature review of the disputed medications, and assigned an evidence grade based on the association between nephrotoxicity and the quality of the data. The subcommittee then came to a majority consensus to which medications should be included on the list. The list was presented to the larger collaborative and voted on. This list will be continually updated and voted on annually.
AHRQ-funded; HS023763.
Citation: Goswami E, Ogden RK, Bennett WE .
Evidence-based development of a nephrotoxic medication list to screen for acute kidney injury risk in hospitalized children.
Am J Health Syst Pharm 2019 Oct 30;76(22):1869-74. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxz203..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Medication: Safety, Medication, Patient Safety, Risk, Evidence-Based Practice, Adverse Drug Events (ADE), Adverse Events
Khamash DF, Voskertchian A, Tamma PD
Increasing clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Infections.
This retrospective observational study looked at pediatric clinical cultures between 2005 and 2017 that grew Staphylococcus aureus culture and their trends in antibiotic resistance. Methicillin resistance declined but clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance increased significantly.
AHRQ-funded; HS022872.
Citation: Khamash DF, Voskertchian A, Tamma PD .
Increasing clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Infections.
J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019 Sep 25;8(4):351-53. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piy062..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Antibiotics, Medication, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Infectious Diseases, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Khamash DF, Voskertchian A, Tamma PD
Increasing clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Infections.
This retrospective observational study looked at pediatric clinical cultures between 2005 and 2017 that grew Staphylococcus aureus culture and their trends in antibiotic resistance. Methicillin resistance declined but clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance increased significantly.
AHRQ-funded; HS022872.
Citation: Khamash DF, Voskertchian A, Tamma PD .
Increasing clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Infections.
J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019 Sep 25;8(4):351-53. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piy062..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Antibiotics, Medication
Shaker M, Greenhawt M
Providing cost-effective care for food allergy.
This article discusses the cost-effectiveness of food allergy management strategies for children. Screening at-risk infants for peanut allergy in particular carries a risk of overdiagnosis and is not cost-effective. An evidence review of the literature using PubMed showed that cost-effective care could be optimized in minimizing delay in oral food challenges for at-risk patients and for school-age children to epinephrine pens available at reasonable cost.
AHRQ-funded; HS024599.
Citation: Shaker M, Greenhawt M .
Providing cost-effective care for food allergy.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019 Sep;123(3):240-48.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.05.015..
Keywords: Healthcare Costs, Medication, Children/Adolescents
Auger KA, Shah SS, Davis MM
Counting the ways to count medications: the challenges of defining pediatric polypharmacy.
Polypharmacy, the practice of taking multiple medications to manage health conditions, is common for children. Polypharmacy has been linked to a variety of pediatric and adult outcomes, including medication errors and readmission. In this paper, the authors sought consensus on how to count discharge medications through a series of informal interviews with hospitalists, nurses, and parents.
AHRQ-funded; HS024735.
Citation: Auger KA, Shah SS, Davis MM .
Counting the ways to count medications: the challenges of defining pediatric polypharmacy.
J Hosp Med 2019 Aug;14(8):506-07. doi: 10.12788/jhm.3213..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Medication, Medication: Safety, Patient Safety, Hospital Discharge, Hospitals
Sultan RS, Wang S, Crystal S
Antipsychotic treatment among youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
This retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis sought to describe the percentage of youths who fill antipsychotic prescriptions in the year following a new diagnosis of ADHD and characterize the clinical and demographic factors associated with antipsychotic initiation. The investigators found that approximately half of youths with a new ADHD diagnosis may have had an evidence-supported indication for an antipsychotic medication. In addition, less than half of the youths received a stimulant; the evidence-supported first line treatment for ADHD, before the antipsychotic was initiated.
AHRQ-funded; HS026001; HS021112.
Citation: Sultan RS, Wang S, Crystal S .
Antipsychotic treatment among youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
JAMA Netw Open 2019 Jul 3;2(7):e197850. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7850..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Behavioral Health, Medication
Briscoe CC, Reich P, Fritz S
Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic susceptibility patterns in pediatric atopic dermatitis.
Researchers characterized Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from pediatric atopic dermatitis patients with clinically apparent bacterial skin infections treated in an academic medical center. They conducted a five-year retrospective study to characterize the S aureus strains; patient demographics and dilute bleach bath usage were assessed to determine whether these factors were correlated with methicillin resistance. Culture results from the cohort were compared to those from pediatric patients presenting to a children's hospital emergency department with S aureus skin abscesses. The researchers concluded that first-generation cephalosporins remains an appropriate empiric therapy for most pediatric atopic dermatitis patients.
AHRQ-funded; HS021736; HS024269.
Citation: Briscoe CC, Reich P, Fritz S .
Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic susceptibility patterns in pediatric atopic dermatitis.
Pediatr Dermatol 2019 Jul;36(4):482-85. doi: 10.1111/pde.13867..
Keywords: Antibiotics, Children/Adolescents, Medication, Skin Conditions
Advanced Analytics Group of Pediatric Urology, ORC Personalized Medicine Group
Targeted workup after initial febrile urinary tract infection: using a novel machine learning model to identify children most likely to benefit from voiding cystourethrogram.
The authors sought to develop a model to predict the probability of recurrent urinary tract infection associated vesicoureteral reflux in children after an initial urinary tract infection. Their predictive model provided a promising performance to facilitate individualized treatment of children with an initial urinary tract infection and to identify those most likely to benefit from voiding cystourethrogram after the initial urinary tract infection. They conclude that this model would allow for more selective test application and increase yield while minimizing overuse.
AHRQ-funded; HS000063.
Citation: Advanced Analytics Group of Pediatric Urology, ORC Personalized Medicine Group .
Targeted workup after initial febrile urinary tract infection: using a novel machine learning model to identify children most likely to benefit from voiding cystourethrogram.
J Urol 2019 Jul;202(1):144-52. doi: 10.1097/ju.0000000000000186..
Keywords: Antibiotics, Care Management, Children/Adolescents, Guidelines, Medication, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Krah NM, Bardsley T, Nelson R
Economic burden of home antimicrobial therapy: OPAT versus oral therapy.
There is increasing evidence that outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is overused for children and that outcomes with oral therapy are equivalent. The objective of this study was to compare economic burden between OPAT and oral therapy, accounting for direct and indirect costs and caregiver quality of life (QoL). The investigators concluded that the overall burden of OPAT was substantially higher than that of oral therapy, including higher direct and indirect costs and greater impact on caregiver QoL.
AHRQ-funded; HS023320.
Citation: Krah NM, Bardsley T, Nelson R .
Economic burden of home antimicrobial therapy: OPAT versus oral therapy.
Hosp Pediatr 2019 Apr;9(4):234-40. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.201-0193.
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Keywords: Healthcare Costs, Children/Adolescents, Caregiving, Home Healthcare, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Antibiotics, Medication
Sick-Samuels AC, Woods-Hill CZ, Fackler JC
Association of a blood culture utilization intervention on antibiotic use in a pediatric intensive care unit.
The goal of this study was to evaluate whether the use of antibiotics at the Johns Hopkins pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) changed in relation to a reduction in utilization of blood culture. Antibiotic usage is used as a balancing measure, because a reduction in blood cultures could lead to an increase in antibiotic treatment if clinicians continued treatment in scenarios when blood culture results were not available. The authors examined the administration of antibiotics over 12 months while a locally developed blood-culture guideline was being implemented. The distribution of antibiotics remained similar over the pre- and post-implementation periods.
AHRQ-funded; HS025642.
Citation: Sick-Samuels AC, Woods-Hill CZ, Fackler JC .
Association of a blood culture utilization intervention on antibiotic use in a pediatric intensive care unit.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2019 Apr;40(4):482-84. doi: 10.1017/ice.2019.10..
Keywords: Antibiotics, Children/Adolescents, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Medication, Practice Patterns
Feinstein JA, Hall M, Antoon JW
Chronic medication use in children insured by Medicaid: a multistate retrospective cohort study.
This retrospective cohort study examined the use of chronic medication (CM) use in children insured by Medicaid. The cohort included children ages 1 to 18 years from 10 states in 2014. It was grouped by the annual number of CMs (0, 1, 2-4, 5-9, and >=10). Of the over 4.5 million subjects, 18.8% used CMs, and 44% in children with a complex chronic condition. The most common CM therapeutic class was neurologic (28.8%). For children prescribed only 1 CM, the most common class is amphetamine stimulants. For children with 10 or greater CMs prescribed, antiepileptics were the most common. Increased CM use was associated with increased hospitalization and emergency department use.
AHRQ-funded; HS025138.
Citation: Feinstein JA, Hall M, Antoon JW .
Chronic medication use in children insured by Medicaid: a multistate retrospective cohort study.
Pediatrics 2019 Apr;143(4). doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-3397..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Chronic Conditions, Medicaid, Medication
Morgan JR, Carey KM, Barlam TF
Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis in children and impact on subsequent episodes of care and treatment.
This study examined whether inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics to treat an initial bout of acute bronchitis in childhood can increase the likelihood of further episodes and also more antibiotic prescribing. A retrospective analysis of children with at least 1 acute bronchitis episode was conducted for the period 2008 to 2015. The cohort was children born in 2008. Results showed that children who were prescribed an antibiotic as part of their initial episode were more likely to have a subsequent acute bronchitis episode and also to be prescribed an antibiotic compared with children who were not prescribed it as part of their treatment in their first episode.
AHRQ-funded; HS022242.
Citation: Morgan JR, Carey KM, Barlam TF .
Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis in children and impact on subsequent episodes of care and treatment.
Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019 Mar;38(3):271-74. doi: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002117..
Keywords: Antibiotics, Children/Adolescents, Medication, Practice Patterns
Mistry RD, May LS, Pulia MS
Improving antimicrobial stewardship in pediatric emergency care: a pathway forward.
In this commentary, the authors discuss a study in this same issue. Recent multidisciplinary teams have used novel methods to successfully engage with and intervene in urgent care, pediatric, and general–emergency department antibiotic prescribing. Antibiotic stewardship programs are recommended, as well as emergency department experts continuing to collaborate and formulate thoughtful solutions to this important patient-safety and public-health issue.
AHRQ-funded; HS024342.
Citation: Mistry RD, May LS, Pulia MS .
Improving antimicrobial stewardship in pediatric emergency care: a pathway forward.
Pediatrics 2019 Feb;143(2). doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2972..
Keywords: Antimicrobial Stewardship, Antibiotics, Children/Adolescents, Emergency Department, Medication, Patient Safety
Cook BL, Wang Y, Sonik R
Assessing provider and racial/ethnic variation in response to the FDA antidepressant box warning.
This study analyzed the rate that providers discontinued antidepressants for youth after a 2004 FDA box warning. It was found that prescriptions decreased for White youth but even increased slightly for Black and Latino youth.
AHRQ-funded; HS021486.
Citation: Cook BL, Wang Y, Sonik R .
Assessing provider and racial/ethnic variation in response to the FDA antidepressant box warning.
Health Serv Res 2019 Feb; 54(Suppl 1):255-62. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13104..
Keywords: Adverse Drug Events (ADE), Medication, Children/Adolescents, Patient Safety, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Medication: Safety
Griffith DC, Farmer C, Gebo KA
Uptake and virological outcomes of single- versus multi-tablet antiretroviral regimens among treatment-naive youth in the HIV Research Network.
Researchers studied the impact of single-tablet regiments (STRs) versus multi-tablet regimens (MTRs) in the treatment of HIV with youth with HIV (YHIV) in the HIV Research Network between the ages of 13 and 24. The use of STRs was associated with greater compliance in their antiretroviral regiments and better outcomes over an 8-year period (2006-2014) at 18 US HIV clinical sites.
AHRQ-funded; 290201100007C.
Citation: Griffith DC, Farmer C, Gebo KA .
Uptake and virological outcomes of single- versus multi-tablet antiretroviral regimens among treatment-naive youth in the HIV Research Network.
HIV Med 2019 Feb;20(2):169-74. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12695..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Medication, Outcomes, Patient Adherence/Compliance, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Young Adults
Crosby LE, Walton A, Shook LM
Development of a hydroxyurea decision aid for parents of children with sickle cell anemia.
This study developed a decision aid for use of hydroxyurea for parents of children with sickle cell anemia. There are national evidence-based guidelines, but they do not offer strategies for implementation. A multicomponent decision aid was developed via a needs assessment, clinic observations and iterative feedback. The decision aid was considered useful by the 75 parents and 28 clinicians who participated in all phases of the study.
AHRQ-funded; HS021114.
Citation: Crosby LE, Walton A, Shook LM .
Development of a hydroxyurea decision aid for parents of children with sickle cell anemia.
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019 Jan;41(1):56-63. doi: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001257..
Keywords: Caregiving, Children/Adolescents, Chronic Conditions, Decision Making, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Medication, Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Sickle Cell Disease
Liu X, Shah V, Kubilis P
Psychotropic treatment pattern in Medicaid pediatric patients with concomitant ADHD and ODD/CD.
This study analyzed the use of psychotropic treatments in children with concomitant ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD). The data from a cross-sectional drug utilization study based on Medicaid fee-for-service programs in 26 U.S. states from 1999 to 2006. Children ages 4 to 18 were included, with a total of 121,740 children identified. There was a period prevalence of 38.1% for “no psychotropic therapy”, 44.7% for psychotropic monotherapy, and 9% for psychotropic dual therapy. Stimulants were the most common drug class prescribed. Psychotropic combination therapy was used most with whites, males, and children in foster care.
AHRQ-funded; HS0185606.
Citation: Liu X, Shah V, Kubilis P .
Psychotropic treatment pattern in Medicaid pediatric patients with concomitant ADHD and ODD/CD.
J Atten Disord 2019 Jan;23(2):140-48. doi: 10.1177/1087054715596574..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Behavioral Health, Medicaid, Medication
Raghavan R, Brown DS, Allaire BT
Medicaid expenditures on psychotropic medications for maltreated children: a study of 36 States.
The authors aimed to quantify the magnitude of Medicaid expenditures incurred in the purchase of psychotropic drugs for children with histories of abuse or neglect. They concluded that Medicaid agencies should focus their cost containment strategies on antidepressants and antimanic drugs, consider expanding primary care case management arrangements, and expand use of instruments such as the Child Behavior Checklist to identify and treat high-need children.
AHRQ-funded; HS020269.
Citation: Raghavan R, Brown DS, Allaire BT .
Medicaid expenditures on psychotropic medications for maltreated children: a study of 36 States.
Psychiatr Serv 2014 Dec;65(12):1445-51. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201400028.
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Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Healthcare Costs, Medicaid, Medication, Behavioral Health
Saloner B, Matone M, Kreider AR
Second-generation antipsychotic use among stimulant-using children, by organization of Medicaid mental health.
The authors compared differences in second-generation antipsychotic utilization among Medicaid-enrolled children across fee-for-service, integrated managed care, and managed behavioral health carve-out organizational structures. They found that carve-outs, versus other arrangements, were associated with lower second-generation antipsychotic use.
AHRQ-funded; HS020269; HS018550.
Citation: Saloner B, Matone M, Kreider AR .
Second-generation antipsychotic use among stimulant-using children, by organization of Medicaid mental health.
Psychiatr Serv 2014 Dec;65(12):1458-64. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300574.
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Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Healthcare Utilization, Medicaid, Medication, Behavioral Health
Vanderwerker L, Akincigil A, Olfson M
Foster care, externalizing disorders, and antipsychotic use among Medicaid-enrolled youths.
The researchers investigated the extent to which clinical diagnoses of externalizing disorders explain higher rates of antipsychotic use by foster care youths. They found that foster care youths had higher rates of externalizing disorders than the comparison group and greater antipsychotic use. Foster care remained a significant predictor of antipsychotic use after control for demographic and diagnostic covariates.
AHRQ-funded; HS017918; HS019937; HS021112.
Citation: Vanderwerker L, Akincigil A, Olfson M .
Foster care, externalizing disorders, and antipsychotic use among Medicaid-enrolled youths.
Psychiatr Serv 2014 Oct;65(10):1281-4. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300455.
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Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Medication, Medicaid, Vulnerable Populations, Behavioral Health