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AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
151 to 175 of 303 Research Studies DisplayedLozada MJ, Raji MA, Goodwin JS
Opioid prescribing by primary care providers: a cross-sectional analysis of nurse practitioner, physician assistant, and physician prescribing patterns.
The purpose of this study was to identify prescription opioid over-prescribers by comparing prescribing patterns of primary care physicians (MDs), nurse practitioners (NPs), and physician assistants (PAs). Participants were a national sample of 2015 Medicare Part D enrollees. Findings showed that most NPs/PAs prescribed opioids in a pattern similar to MDs, but NPs/PAs had more outliers who prescribed high-frequency, high-dose opioids than did MDs. Recommendations included efforts to reduce opioid overprescribing including targeted provider education, risk stratification, and state legislation.
AHRQ-funded; HS020642.
Citation: Lozada MJ, Raji MA, Goodwin JS .
Opioid prescribing by primary care providers: a cross-sectional analysis of nurse practitioner, physician assistant, and physician prescribing patterns.
J Gen Intern Med 2020 Sep;35(9):2584-92. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05823-0..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Primary Care, Practice Patterns, Medication: Safety, Provider: Nurse, Provider: Physician, Provider: Physician Assistant, Provider
Drendel AL, Brousseau DC, Casper TC
Opioid prescription patterns at emergency department discharge for children with fractures.
The authors sought to measure the variability in discharge opioid prescription practices for children discharged from the emergency department (ED) with a long-bone fracture. They found that, for children with a long-bone fracture, discharge opioid prescription varied widely by ED site of care. In addition, black patients, Hispanic patients, and patients with government insurance were less likely to be prescribed opioids. This variability in opioid prescribing was not accounted for by patient- or injury-related factors that are associated with increased pain.
AHRQ-funded; HS020270.
Citation: Drendel AL, Brousseau DC, Casper TC .
Opioid prescription patterns at emergency department discharge for children with fractures.
Pain Med 2020 Sep;21(9):1947-54. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnz348..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Opioids, Medication, Emergency Department, Injuries and Wounds, Practice Patterns
Green TC, Donovan E, Klug B
Revisiting pharmacy-based naloxone with pharmacists and naloxone consumers in 2 states: 2017 perspectives and evolving approaches.
The authors sought to examine similarities and differences in experiences obtaining naloxone at the pharmacy over a 1-year period in 2 states, and to explore reactions from people with opioid use disorder, patients taking opioids for chronic pain, caregivers of opioid users, and pharmacists to communication tools and patient outreach materials designed to improve naloxone uptake. Through focus groups in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, they found that experiences dispensing naloxone are quickly evolving, and a greater diversity of patients are obtaining pharmacy naloxone. They concluded that persistent stigma-related concerns underscore the need for tools to help pharmacists offer naloxone, facilitate patient requests, and provide reassurance when getting naloxone.
AHRQ-funded; HS024021.
Citation: Green TC, Donovan E, Klug B .
Revisiting pharmacy-based naloxone with pharmacists and naloxone consumers in 2 states: 2017 perspectives and evolving approaches.
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020 Sep-Oct;60(5):740-49. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.03.005..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Substance Abuse, Community-Based Practice, Healthcare Delivery, Social Stigma, Access to Care
Shoemaker-Hunt SJ, Wyant BE
The effect of opioid stewardship interventions on key outcomes: a systematic review.
In this study, the investigators sought to identify potential patient safety practices to reduce high-risk opioid prescribing. They conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify opioid stewardship (OS) strategies implemented in primary care and other settings. The investigators concluded that the strength of the evidence was low to moderate that OS efforts decreased numbers of opioid prescriptions, proportion of patients on long-term opioids, or days' supply. The strength of the evidence for OS initiatives producing significant reductions in opioid dosages was moderate.
AHRQ-funded; 233201500013I.
Citation: Shoemaker-Hunt SJ, Wyant BE .
The effect of opioid stewardship interventions on key outcomes: a systematic review.
J Patient Saf 2020 Sep;16(3S Suppl 1):S36-s41. doi: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000710..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Medication: Safety, Patient Safety, Evidence-Based Practice, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Substance Abuse, Prevention
Kim JH, Fine DR, Li L
Disparities in United States hospitalizations for serious infections in patients with and without opioid use disorder: a nationwide observational study.
This study examined the differences in patients with and without opioid use disorder (OUD) who were hospitalized for serious infections focusing on infective endocarditis, epidural abscess, septic arthritis or osteomyelitis. The authors used the 2016 National Inpatient Sample to examine differences in length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, and charges. Patients with OUD had a lower probability of discharge at any given LOS, and lower odds of discharge to home with higher odds of discharge to a post-acute care facility. There were no significant differences in average total hospital charges.
AHRQ-funded; HS026215.
Citation: Kim JH, Fine DR, Li L .
Disparities in United States hospitalizations for serious infections in patients with and without opioid use disorder: a nationwide observational study.
PLoS Med 2020 Aug;17(8):e1003247. doi: 10.1371/ournal.pmed.1003247.
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Keywords: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Disparities, Opioids, Substance Abuse, Hospitalization, Medication, Infectious Diseases
McClellan C, Flottemesch TJ, Ali MM
AHRQ Author: McClellan C
Physician networks and potentially inappropriate opioid prescriptions.
The authors examined associations between care networks defined by shared patients and problematic opioid prescribing using four behaviors defined by the CDC guidelines. They found that greater provider integration was associated with a lower risk of a provider's patients repeatedly having potentially inappropriate prescription fills; however, the association with a provider having any potentially problematic prescription was more ambiguous.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: McClellan C, Flottemesch TJ, Ali MM .
Physician networks and potentially inappropriate opioid prescriptions.
J Addict Dis 2020 Jul-Sep;38(3):301-10. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1760655..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Medication: Safety, Substance Abuse, Patient Safety, Provider
Green TC, Davis C, Xuan Z
Laws mandating coprescription of naloxone and their impact on naloxone prescription in five US states, 2014-2018.
Researchers sought to examine early impacts of laws that require naloxone to be prescribed to patients at increased overdose risk. Data from CVS Pharmacy 90 days before and after the naloxone-prescribing mandates took effect in Arizona, Florida, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia were examined. The researchers concluded that mandating the prescribing of naloxone quickly expands access to this life-saving medication for more people in more places. They recommended that other states consider mandating the co-prescription of naloxone to individuals at increased risk of overdose.
AHRQ-funded; HS024021.
Citation: Green TC, Davis C, Xuan Z .
Laws mandating coprescription of naloxone and their impact on naloxone prescription in five US states, 2014-2018.
Am J Public Health 2020 Jun;110(6):881-87. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305620..
Keywords: Policy, Medication, Substance Abuse, Opioids
Basu J
AHRQ Author: Basu J
Multilevel risk factors for hospital readmission among patients with opioid use disorder in selected US States: role of socioeconomic characteristics of patients and their community.
This study examined the association of socioeconomic characteristics of individuals hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of opioid use disorder and their all-cause 30-day readmission risks. Discharge data from the 2014 HCUP Survey was used and was linked to community and hospital characteristics using data from HRSA and the American Hospital Association. Medicare is associated with the highest readmission risk followed by Medicaid covered patients. Self-pay or covered by other payers had a similar risk to private insurance coverage. Urban patients also had a higher readmission rate than rural patients.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Basu J .
Multilevel risk factors for hospital readmission among patients with opioid use disorder in selected US States: role of socioeconomic characteristics of patients and their community.
Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol 2020 Jan-Dec;7:2333392820904240. doi: 10.1177/2333392820904240..
Keywords: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Opioids, Medication, Substance Abuse, Hospital Readmissions, Hospitals, Social Determinants of Health
Hernandez-Boussard T, Graham LA, Carroll I
Perioperative opioid use and pain-related outcomes in the Veterans Health Administration.
This study characterized perioperative exposure to morphine and its association with postoperative pain and 30-day readmissions. Utilizing nationwide Veterans Healthcare Administration (VHA) data on four high-volume surgical procedures, the researchers found that patients receiving high perioperative oral morphine equivalents were more likely to return to care for pain-related problems.
AHRQ-funded; HS024096.
Citation: Hernandez-Boussard T, Graham LA, Carroll I .
Perioperative opioid use and pain-related outcomes in the Veterans Health Administration.
Am J Surg 2020 Jun;219(6):969-75. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.06.022..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Pain, Substance Abuse, Surgery, Hospital Readmissions
Wolff C, Dowd WN, Ali MM
AHRQ Author: McClellan C
The impact of the abuse-deterrent reformulation of extended-release OxyContin on prescription pain reliever misuse and heroin initiation.
The introduction of abuse-deterrent OxyContin in 2010 was intended to reduce its misuse by making it more tamper resistant. However, some studies have suggested that this reformulation might have had unintended consequences, such as increases in heroin-related deaths. In this study, the investigators used the 2005-2014 cross-sectional U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health to explore the impact of this reformulation on intermediate outcomes that precede heroin-related deaths for individuals with a history of OxyContin misuse.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Wolff C, Dowd WN, Ali MM .
The impact of the abuse-deterrent reformulation of extended-release OxyContin on prescription pain reliever misuse and heroin initiation.
Addict Behav 2020 Jun;105:106268. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106268..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Medication: Safety, Patient Safety, Prevention, Pain, Substance Abuse
Samples H, Williams AR, Crystal S
Impact of long-term buprenorphine treatment on adverse health care outcomes In Medicaid.
The optimal, or even minimum, duration of medication treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) needed to improve long-term outcomes has not been established empirically. As a result, health plans set potentially restrictive treatment standards to guide benefits and payment. To address this gap, the investigators used a National Quality Forum measure for OUD medication treatment duration (180 days) to examine the impact of longer treatment on health care outcomes within a key population of Medicaid enrollees.
AHRQ-funded; HS023258; HS021112.
Citation: Samples H, Williams AR, Crystal S .
Impact of long-term buprenorphine treatment on adverse health care outcomes In Medicaid.
Impact of long-term buprenorphine treatment on adverse health care outcomes In Medicaid..
Keywords: Medication, Substance Abuse, Opioids, Medicaid, Adverse Drug Events (ADE), Adverse Events, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Evidence-Based Practice, Outcomes
Goyal MK, Johnson TJ, Chamberlain JM
Racial and ethnic differences in emergency department pain management of children with fractures.
Researchers tested the hypotheses that minority children with long-bone fractures are less likely to receive analgesics, to receive opioid analgesics, and to achieve pain reduction. Using data from the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network Registry, they found that there are differences in process and outcome measures by race and ethnicity in the emergency department management of pain among children with long-bone fractures. Although minority children are more likely to receive analgesics and achieve reduction in pain, they are less likely to receive opioids and achieve optimal pain reduction.
AHRQ-funded; HS020270.
Citation: Goyal MK, Johnson TJ, Chamberlain JM .
Racial and ethnic differences in emergency department pain management of children with fractures.
Pediatrics 2020 May;145(5):e20193370. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3370..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Emergency Department, Pain, Injuries and Wounds, Medication, Opioids, Disparities
Mastarone GL, Wyse JJ, Wilbur ER
Barriers to utilization of prescription drug monitoring programs among prescribing physicians and advanced practice registered nurses at Veterans Health Administration facilities in Oregon.
The authors sought to identify barriers to using state prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) among prescribing physicians and advanced practice registered nurses across a variety of Veterans Health Administration (VA) settings in Oregon. They found that physicians and advanced practice registered nurses across diverse VA settings reported that PDMPs are an important tool and contribute to patient safety, but issues regarding organizational processes and software design impede optimal use of these resources.
AHRQ-funded; HS026370.
Citation: Mastarone GL, Wyse JJ, Wilbur ER .
Barriers to utilization of prescription drug monitoring programs among prescribing physicians and advanced practice registered nurses at Veterans Health Administration facilities in Oregon.
Pain Med 2020 Apr;21(4):695-703. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnz289..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication: Safety, Medication, Patient Safety
Gibson DC, Chou LN, Raji MA
Opioid prescribing trends in women following mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery before and after the 2014 federal reclassification of hydrocodone.
This study compares changes in opioid prescribing among surgical breast cancer patients following the 2014 federal reclassification of hydrocodone. Data from 2009 to 2017 was used from a large nationally representative commercial insurance health program. Women aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with carcinoma in-situ or malignant breast cancer and received breast-conserving surgery or a mastectomy from 2010 to 2016 were included. Patients in 2015 or 2016 who had surgery were less likely to receive a greater than 1-day supply of opioid prescriptions or 30 days or more supply than in 2013. However, only in 2016 were surgical breast cancer patients less likely to receive a 90-day supply than in 2013.
AHRQ-funded; HS026133.
Citation: Gibson DC, Chou LN, Raji MA .
Opioid prescribing trends in women following mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery before and after the 2014 federal reclassification of hydrocodone.
Oncologist 2020 Apr;25(4):281-89. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0758..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Surgery, Cancer: Breast Cancer, Cancer, Women
Suda KJ, Zhou J, Rowan SA
Overprescribing of opioids to adults by dentists in the U.S., 2011-2015.
Dentists prescribe 1 in 10 opioid prescriptions in the U.S. When opioids are necessary, national guidelines recommend the prescription of low-dose opioids for a short duration. This study assessed the appropriate prescribing of opioids by dentists before guideline implementation. The investigators concluded that between 1 in 4 and 1 in 2 opioids prescribed to adult dental patients are overprescribed.
AHRQ-funded; HS025177.
Citation: Suda KJ, Zhou J, Rowan SA .
Overprescribing of opioids to adults by dentists in the U.S., 2011-2015.
Am J Prev Med 2020 Apr;58(4):473-86. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.11.006..
Keywords: Opioids, Dental and Oral Health, Provider, Practice Patterns, Medication
Marcial LH, Blumenfeld B, Harle C
Barriers, facilitators, and potential solutions to advancing interoperable clinical decision support: multi-stakeholder consensus recommendations for the opioid use case.
These proceedings report on the AHRQ-sponsored Patient-Centered CDS Learning Network (PCCDS LN) Technical Framework Working Group (TechFWG), which was convened to identify barriers, facilitators, and potential solutions for interoperable clinical decision support, with a specific focus on addressing the opioid epidemic. The key insights were extrapolated to CDS-facilitated care improvement outside of the specific opioid use case. If applied broadly, the recommendations should help advance the availability and impact of interoperable CDS delivered at scale.
AHRQ-funded; HS024849.
Citation: Marcial LH, Blumenfeld B, Harle C .
Barriers, facilitators, and potential solutions to advancing interoperable clinical decision support: multi-stakeholder consensus recommendations for the opioid use case.
AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2020 Mar 4;2019:637-46..
Keywords: Clinical Decision Support (CDS), Shared Decision Making, Opioids, Medication, Pain, Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Sobieraj DM, Martinez BK, Miao B
Comparative effectiveness of analgesics to reduce acute pain in the prehospital setting.
The objectives of this study were to assess comparative effectiveness and harms of opioid and nonopioid analgesics for the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain in the prehospital setting. Among the investigators’ conclusions were that as initial analgesia, opioids were no different than ketamine, APAP, and NSAIDs in reducing acute pain in the prehospital setting. Opioids may cause fewer total side effects than ketamine, but more than APAP or NSAIDs.
AHRQ-funded; 290201500012I.
Citation: Sobieraj DM, Martinez BK, Miao B .
Comparative effectiveness of analgesics to reduce acute pain in the prehospital setting.
Prehosp Emerg Care 2020 Mar-Apr;24(2):163-74. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2019.1657213..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Pain, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), Comparative Effectiveness, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Burstein D, Baird J, Bratberg J
Pharmacist attitudes toward pharmacy-based naloxone: a cross-sectional survey study.
This study examined pharmacist attitudes towards recommending pharmacy-based naloxone (PBN). The authors looked at the influence of gender, practice setting, number of years of practice, state location, and PBN involvement. Barriers and facilitators were also assessed. A 71-question survey was mailed to approximately 2900 licensed pharmacists in Massachusetts and Rhode Island and was open from April 5, 2016 until July 13, 2016. Out of those 2900, 402 responded (13%) and 245 were included in the analyses. The majority (79%) identified as White and 127 (51.8%) indicated that they had dispensed naloxone, with 85 having done so in the past 30 days. The results of the cross-sectional survey was used to develop the Opioid Overdose Prevention Attitude (OOPA) scale which consists of 3 subscales: Opioid Overdose Prevention Attitude, Public Health Attitude, and Naxolone Dispensing Attitude. Pharmacists working in a pharmacy that had a standing order or collaborative practice agreement to dispense naxolone without a physician’s prescription had a more positive attitude than other pharmacists.
AHRQ-funded; HS024021.
Citation: Burstein D, Baird J, Bratberg J .
Pharmacist attitudes toward pharmacy-based naloxone: a cross-sectional survey study.
J Am Pharm Assoc 2020 Mar-Apr;60(2):304-10. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.11.004.
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Keywords: Medication, Provider: Pharmacist, Provider, Opioids, Substance Abuse, Prevention
Newberry CI, Casazza GC, Pruitt LC
Prescription patterns and opioid usage in sinonasal surgery.
The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with variable opioid usage and to delineate optimal prescription patterns for sinonasal surgery. The researchers found that patients used 9.3% of their full prescription and only 2.6% required a refill. The amount used was not associated with complexity of endoscopic sinus surgery, type of opiate prescribed, gender, distance living from hospital, or current opioid usage before surgery. They concluded that opioids are overprescribed after sinonasal surgery and that the amount of postoperative opiate prescribed should be greatly reduced and may be based on the specific procedures performed.
AHRQ-funded; HS024638.
Citation: Newberry CI, Casazza GC, Pruitt LC .
Prescription patterns and opioid usage in sinonasal surgery.
Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020 Mar;10(3):381-87. doi: 10.1002/alr.22478..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Pain, Surgery, Respiratory Conditions, Healthcare Utilization, Practice Patterns, Substance Abuse
De Roo AC, Vu JV, Regenbogen SE
Statewide utilization of multimodal analgesia and length of stay after colectomy.
This study examined statewide utilization of multimodal analgesia after colectomy. Multimodal analgesia shortens length of stay and hastens recovery. The researchers conducted a statewide, 72-hospital collaborative quality initiative and evaluated postoperative analgesia regimens among adult elective colectomy patients between 2012 and 2015. One-third of patients received opioids alone, and 2.8% received one nonopioid pain medication alone. The researchers suggest that these numbers must be improved particularly with the current opioid crisis.
AHRQ-funded; HS000053.
Citation: De Roo AC, Vu JV, Regenbogen SE .
Statewide utilization of multimodal analgesia and length of stay after colectomy.
J Surg Res 2020 Mar;247:264-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.10.014..
Keywords: Surgery, Opioids, Medication, Medication: Safety, Practice Patterns, Pain
Heins SE, Castillo RC
The impact of morphine equivalent daily dose threshold guidelines on prescribed dose in a workers' compensation population.
This study evaluated the impact of dissemination Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose (MEDD) guidelines to state workers’ compensation boards to discourage high-dose opioid use among injured workers receiving workers’ compensation. The study used workers compensations claims data from 2010-2013 from 2 guideline states and 3 control states. The policy implementation showed a 9.26 mg decrease in MEDD after adjusting for covariates, state fixed-effects, and time trends. The decreases became more pronounced over the study period.
AHRQ-funded; HS025557.
Citation: Heins SE, Castillo RC .
The impact of morphine equivalent daily dose threshold guidelines on prescribed dose in a workers' compensation population.
Med Care 2020 Mar;58(3):241-47. doi: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001269..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Pain, Chronic Conditions, Practice Patterns, Guidelines
Shoemaker-Hunt SJ, Evans L, Swan H
Study protocol for evaluating Six Building Blocks for opioid management implementation in primary care practices.
AHRQ-funded; 233201500013I.
Citation: Shoemaker-Hunt SJ, Evans L, Swan H .
Study protocol for evaluating Six Building Blocks for opioid management implementation in primary care practices.
Implement Sci Commun 2020 Feb 26;1:16. doi: 10.1186/s43058-020-00008-6..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Primary Care, Care Management, Pain, Chronic Conditions
Williams AR, Samples H, Crystal S
AHRQ Author: H
Acute care, prescription opioid use, and overdose following discontinuation of long-term buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder.
Although buprenorphine treatment reduces risk of overdose and death in opioid use disorder, most patients discontinue treatment within a few weeks or months. In this study, adverse health outcomes following buprenorphine discontinuation were compared among patients who were successfully retained beyond 6 months of continuous treatment, a minimum treatment duration recently endorsed by the National Quality Forum.
AHRQ-funded; HS021112; HS023258.
Citation: Williams AR, Samples H, Crystal S .
Acute care, prescription opioid use, and overdose following discontinuation of long-term buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder.
Am J Psychiatry 2020 Feb;177(2):117-24. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19060612..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Substance Abuse, Medication, Quality of Care
Abbasi AB, Salisbury-Afshar E, Berberet CE
Opioid prescribing patterns before fatal opioid overdose.
This study examined opioid prescribing patterns the year before death of 1,893 Illinois residents who died of an opioid-related overdose in 2016. Their prescription records were linked in from existing Prescription Monitoring Program records. The majority (1,461) died from illicit opioids and only 309 deaths involved prescription opioids. For the residents who used prescription opioids, 76% filled 10.7 prescriptions per decedent compared with 36% of illicit opioid users totaling 2.6 prescriptions per decedent. Death rates were twice as high for black residents with illicit opioids than white residents. The authors concluded that prescribing patterns alone may be not sufficient to identify patients at high risk for opioid overdose, especially for those using illicit opioids.
AHRQ-funded; HS022433.
Citation: Abbasi AB, Salisbury-Afshar E, Berberet CE .
Opioid prescribing patterns before fatal opioid overdose.
Am J Prev Med 2020 Feb;58(2):250-53. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.022..
Keywords: Opioids, Substance Abuse, Medication, Practice Patterns
Larach DB, Waljee JF, Hu HM
Patterns of initial opioid prescribing to opioid-naive patients.
Researchers sought to determine the proportion of initial opioid prescriptions for opioid-naive patients prescribed by surgeons, dentists, and emergency physicians. Data from a nationwide insurance claims dataset was used to study US adults aged 18 to 64 years. Over the study period, the researchers found that surgical patients received the highest proportion of potent opioids. They concluded that initial opioid prescribing attributable to surgical and dental care was increasing relative to primary and chronic pain care. They recommended evidence-based guideline development for surgical and dental prescribing in order to curb iatrogenic opioid morbidity and mortality.
AHRQ-funded; HS023313.
Citation: Larach DB, Waljee JF, Hu HM .
Patterns of initial opioid prescribing to opioid-naive patients.
Ann Surg 2020 Feb;271(2):290-95. doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002969..
Keywords: Opioids, Medication, Practice Patterns, Provider: Physician, Provider