National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
Latest available findings on quality of and access to health care
Data
- Data Infographics
- Data Visualizations
- Data Tools
- Data Innovations
- All-Payer Claims Database
- Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)
- Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
- AHRQ Quality Indicator Tools for Data Analytics
- State Snapshots
- United States Health Information Knowledgebase (USHIK)
- Data Sources Available from AHRQ
Search All Research Studies
AHRQ Research Studies Date
Topics
- Adverse Events (1)
- Antibiotics (9)
- Antimicrobial Stewardship (8)
- Caregiving (1)
- Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) (3)
- Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) (3)
- Children/Adolescents (15)
- Clostridium difficile Infections (4)
- Community-Acquired Infections (14)
- Community-Based Practice (1)
- Community Partnerships (1)
- Comparative Effectiveness (3)
- Critical Care (4)
- Diagnostic Safety and Quality (2)
- Education: Patient and Caregiver (1)
- Elderly (3)
- Electronic Health Records (EHRs) (1)
- Emergency Department (2)
- Evidence-Based Practice (1)
- Family Health and History (3)
- Genetics (5)
- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) (42)
- Healthcare Costs (1)
- Hospital Discharge (1)
- Hospitalization (3)
- Hospitals (6)
- Imaging (1)
- Infectious Diseases (21)
- Injuries and Wounds (4)
- Inpatient Care (1)
- Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (8)
- Long-Term Care (7)
- Medication (10)
- (-) Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (73)
- Mortality (1)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) (3)
- Newborns/Infants (6)
- Nursing Homes (7)
- Patient-Centered Healthcare (1)
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research (2)
- Patient Safety (29)
- Pneumonia (2)
- Practice-Based Research Network (PBRN) (1)
- Practice Patterns (1)
- Prevention (26)
- Quality of Care (1)
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities (1)
- Respiratory Conditions (1)
- Risk (6)
- Screening (1)
- Sepsis (3)
- Skin Conditions (3)
- Social Determinants of Health (1)
- Social Stigma (1)
- Surgery (1)
- Treatments (1)
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) (2)
AHRQ Research Studies
Sign up: AHRQ Research Studies Email updates
Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
51 to 73 of 73 Research Studies DisplayedHuang SS, Septimus E, Hayden MK
Effect of body surface decolonisation on bacteriuria and candiduria in intensive care units: an analysis of a cluster-randomised trial.
The researchers aimed to assess the effect of decolonization on bacteriuria and candiduria in patients admitted to ICUs. They concluded that universal decolonization of patients in the ICU with once a day chlorhexidine baths and short-course nasal mupirocin could be a potential preventive strategy in male patients because it significantly decreases candiduria and any bacteriuria, but not for women.
AHRQ-funded; 290201000008I; 29032007T.
Citation: Huang SS, Septimus E, Hayden MK .
Effect of body surface decolonisation on bacteriuria and candiduria in intensive care units: an analysis of a cluster-randomised trial.
Lancet Infect Dis 2016 Jan;16(1):70-9. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00238-8.
.
.
Keywords: Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Prevention
Russell D, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM
Routine use of contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus: Which way is the pendulum swinging?
This study assessed the state of utilization of contact precautions (CP) as well as adjunctive measures to reduce the risk of transmission for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in US hospitals. It found that the most widely used trigger for initiation of CP for both pathogens was positive clinical culture. Practices for discontinuation of isolation varied widely. Evidence-based guidelines regarding CP and horizontal interventions are needed.
AHRQ-funded; HS021188.
Citation: Russell D, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM .
Routine use of contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus: Which way is the pendulum swinging?
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016 Jan;37(1):36-40. doi: 10.1017/ice.2015.246.
.
.
Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Prevention, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Patient Safety
Ericson JE, Popoola VO, Smith PB
Burden of invasive staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitalized infants.
This study compared demographics and mortality of inf ants with invasive methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA), to determine the annual proportion of S aureus infections that were MRSA. It found that infant mortality after invasive MRSA and MSSA infections was similar, but MSSA caused more infections and more deaths in infants than MRSA.
AHRQ-funded; HS022872.
Citation: Ericson JE, Popoola VO, Smith PB .
Burden of invasive staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitalized infants.
JAMA Pediatr 2015 Dec;169(12):1105-11. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2380..
Keywords: Newborns/Infants, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Mortality, Hospitalization, Risk
Peterson LR, Wright MO, Beaumont JL
Nonimpact of decolonization as an adjunctive measure to contact precautions for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission in acute care.
This was an observational study comparing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission with no decolonization of medical patients to required decolonization of all MRSA carriers during two consecutive periods: baseline with no decolonization of medical patients and universal MRSA carrier decolonization. The study concluded that decolonization of MRSA patients does not add benefit when contact precautions are used for patients colonized with MRSA in acute (hospital) care.
AHRQ-funded; HS019968.
Citation: Peterson LR, Wright MO, Beaumont JL .
Nonimpact of decolonization as an adjunctive measure to contact precautions for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission in acute care.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015 Oct 12;60(1):99-104. doi: 10.1128/aac.02046-15.
.
.
Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Critical Care, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Elderly, Patient Safety
Morelli JJ, Hogan PG, Sullivan ML
Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from humans, environmental surfaces, and companion animals in households of children with community-onset Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus infections.
The study objective was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from 110 households of children with community-onset methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. It found that the S. aureus isolates were heterogeneous, although more than half were methicillin resistant. The highest proportion of MRSA was found in bathrooms.
AHRQ-funded; HS021736.
Citation: Morelli JJ, Hogan PG, Sullivan ML .
Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from humans, environmental surfaces, and companion animals in households of children with community-onset Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus infections.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015 Oct;59(10):6634-7. doi: 10.1128/aac.01492-15.
.
.
Keywords: Antimicrobial Stewardship, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Children/Adolescents
Teshome BF, Lee GC, Reveles KR
Application of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus risk score for community-onset pneumonia patients and outcomes with initial treatment.
The study objective was to assess the effect of initial MRSA therapy on mortality in community–onset (CO) pneumonia patients that a new MRSA prediction score had classified into low, medium, and high-risk groups based on objective criteria available at baseline. The study demonstrated improved survival with initial MRSA therapy in the 2 percent of CO-pneumonia patients classified as high-risk.
AHRQ-funded; HS022418.
Citation: Teshome BF, Lee GC, Reveles KR .
Application of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus risk score for community-onset pneumonia patients and outcomes with initial treatment.
BMC Infect Dis 2015 Sep 18;15:380. doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1119-1..
Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Risk, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Hospitalization
Creech CB, Al-Zubeidi DN, Fritz SA
Prevention of recurrent staphylococcal skin infections.
Staphylococcus aureus infections pose a significant health burden. As S aureus colonization is associated with subsequent infection, decolonization is recommended for patients with recurrent skin and soft tissue infections or in settings of ongoing transmission. S aureus infections often cluster within households, and asymptomatic carriers serve as reservoirs for transmission; therefore, a household approach to decolonization is more effective than measures performed by individuals alone.
AHRQ-funded; HS021736.
Citation: Creech CB, Al-Zubeidi DN, Fritz SA .
Prevention of recurrent staphylococcal skin infections.
Infect Dis Clin North Am 2015 Sep;29(3):429-64. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.05.007.
.
.
Keywords: Prevention, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Antimicrobial Stewardship, Patient Safety
Roghmann MC, Johnson JK, Sorkin JD
Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to healthcare worker gowns and gloves during care of nursing home residents.
This study estimated the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission to gowns and gloves worn by healthcare workers (HCWs) interacting with nursing home residents to better inform infection prevention policies in this setting. It found that MRSA transmission from MRSA-positive residents to health care worker gown and gloves is substantial; high-contact activities of daily living confer the highest risk.
AHRQ-funded; HS019979.
Citation: Roghmann MC, Johnson JK, Sorkin JD .
Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to healthcare worker gowns and gloves during care of nursing home residents.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015 Sep;36(9):1050-7. doi: 10.1017/ice.2015.119..
Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Patient Safety, Nursing Homes, Prevention
Pardos de la Gandara M, Raygoza Garay JA, Mwangi M
Molecular types of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains causing skin and soft tissue infections and nasal colonization, identified in community health centers in New York City.
In November 2011, a research and learning collaborative project with six community health centers in the New York City metropolitan area was launched to determine the nature (clonal type) of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strains causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). It found that of 63 patients with S. aureus infections, 16 of the colonizing isolates were MRSA, and 14 were MSSA, and the majority of the colonizing isolates belonged to the USA300 clonal group.
AHRQ-funded; HS021667.
Citation: Pardos de la Gandara M, Raygoza Garay JA, Mwangi M .
Molecular types of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains causing skin and soft tissue infections and nasal colonization, identified in community health centers in New York City.
J Clin Microbiol 2015 Aug;53(8):2648-58. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00591-15..
Keywords: Community-Acquired Infections, Community Partnerships, Community-Based Practice, Genetics, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Wardyn SE, Forshey BM, Farina SA
Swine farming is a risk factor for infection with and high prevalence of carriage of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
The researchers conducted a large-scale prospective study of 1,342 Iowans, including individuals with livestock contact and a community-based comparison group. They found that current swine workers are 6 times more likely to carry multidrug-resistant S. aureus than those without current swine exposure. Also, they observed active infections caused by livestock-associated S. aureus.
AHRQ-funded; HS019966.
Citation: Wardyn SE, Forshey BM, Farina SA .
Swine farming is a risk factor for infection with and high prevalence of carriage of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Clin Infect Dis 2015 Jul 1;61(1):59-66. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ234..
Keywords: Risk, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Morgan DJ, Pineles L, Shardell M
Effect of chlorhexidine bathing and other infection control practices on the Benefits of Universal Glove and Gown (BUGG) trial: a subgroup analysis.
The researchers report the results of a subgroup analysis of the Benefits of Universal Glove and Gown trial. In 20 intensive care units, the reduction in acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus observed in this trial was observed in units also using chlorhexidine bathing and in those that previously performed active surveillance.
AHRQ-funded; HS018111; 290200600015.
Citation: Morgan DJ, Pineles L, Shardell M .
Effect of chlorhexidine bathing and other infection control practices on the Benefits of Universal Glove and Gown (BUGG) trial: a subgroup analysis.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015 Jun;36(6):734-7. doi: 10.1017/ice.2015.33..
Keywords: Patient Safety, Prevention, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)
Finnell SM, Rosenman MB, Christenson JC
Decolonization of children after incision and drainage for MRSA abscess: a retrospective cohort study.
The researchers sought to determine whether decolonization following incision and drainage (I&D) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) abscess decreases repeat I&D and MRSA-positive cultures in children. They found that no statistically significant association between referral to the Pediatric Infectious Disease Service for decolonization and the outcomes.
AHRQ-funded; HS020014.
Citation: Finnell SM, Rosenman MB, Christenson JC .
Decolonization of children after incision and drainage for MRSA abscess: a retrospective cohort study.
Clin Pediatr 2015 May;54(5):445-50. doi: 10.1177/0009922814556059..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Treatments
Patel PA, Robicsek A, Grayes A
Evaluation of multiple real-time PCR tests on nasal samples in a large MRSA surveillance program.
The researchers evaluated the LightCycler MRSA Advanced Test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA), the BD MAX MRSA assay (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ), and the Xpert MRSA assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA) on nasal samples using the same population. Their results suggest that the performance of the three commercial assays is similar.
AHRQ-funded; HS019968.
Citation: Patel PA, Robicsek A, Grayes A .
Evaluation of multiple real-time PCR tests on nasal samples in a large MRSA surveillance program.
Am J Clin Pathol 2015 May;143(5):652-8. doi: 10.1309/ajcpmdy32ztdxpfc..
Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Patient Safety, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Genetics
Balachandra S, Pardos de la Gandara M, Salvato S
Recurrent furunculosis caused by a community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strain belonging to the USA300 clone.
This study is a clinical history of a patient with recurrent skin infections caused by a strain of CA-MRSA belonging to the USA300 clone. The strain was recovered repeatedly from wounds and lower body sites but never from the nostrils. The clinical history of recurrence strongly suggests the existence of a common environmental source of the MRSA strain.
AHRQ-funded; HS021667.
Citation: Balachandra S, Pardos de la Gandara M, Salvato S .
Recurrent furunculosis caused by a community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strain belonging to the USA300 clone.
Microb Drug Resist 2015 Apr;21(2):237-43. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0283..
Keywords: Skin Conditions, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Injuries and Wounds, Community-Acquired Infections
Banach DB, Bearman GM, Morgan DJ
Infection control precautions for visitors to healthcare facilities.
Infection transmission in healthcare facilities is a growing concern. Visitation to healthcare facilities is very common, though the potential role of visitors in the transmission of infection is unknown. Decisions regarding whether to implement transmission-based precautions among visitors should take into account the organism of concern and means of transmission as well as factors pertaining to the visitor and the healthcare setting.
AHRQ-funded; HS018111.
Citation: Banach DB, Bearman GM, Morgan DJ .
Infection control precautions for visitors to healthcare facilities.
Infection control precautions for visitors to healthcare facilities..
Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Prevention, Patient Safety
Lee CS, Montalmont B, O'Hara JA
Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization using sponges.
The researchers investigated whether the additional use of a sponge to collect skin culture samples would significantly improve the sensitivity of MRSA detection. They found that the sensitivity of nasal swab culture for screening MRSA carriage is low, but it can be improved significantly by adding a second method, either sampling the skin or the pharynx.
AHRQ-funded; HS021521.
Citation: Lee CS, Montalmont B, O'Hara JA .
Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization using sponges.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015 Jan;36(1):28-33. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.4..
Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Patient Safety, Quality of Care, Screening
Fritz SA, Hogan PG, Singh LN
Contamination of environmental surfaces with Staphylococcus aureus in households with children infected with methicillin-resistant S aureus.
This study of the households of 50 children with active or recent culture-positive community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection found MRSA-contaminated surfaces in 23 of the 50 households, most frequently form the bed linens (18 percent), television remote control (16 percent), and bathroom hand towel (15 percent).
AHRQ-funded; HS021736
Citation: Fritz SA, Hogan PG, Singh LN .
Contamination of environmental surfaces with Staphylococcus aureus in households with children infected with methicillin-resistant S aureus.
JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Nov;168(11):1030-8. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1218..
Keywords: Patient Safety, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Children/Adolescents, Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Septimus EJ, Hayden MK, Kleinman K
Does chlorhexidine bathing in adult intensive care units reduce blood culture contamination? A pragmatic cluster-randomized trial.
The investigators determined rates of blood culture contamination comparing 3 strategies to prevent intensive care unit (ICU) infections: screening and isolation, targeted decolonization, and universal decolonization. They demonstrated that universal decolonization with mupirocin and chlorhexidine bathing resulted in a significant reduction in blood culture contamination.
AHRQ-funded; 290201000008I; 290032007T.
Citation: Septimus EJ, Hayden MK, Kleinman K .
Does chlorhexidine bathing in adult intensive care units reduce blood culture contamination? A pragmatic cluster-randomized trial.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014 Oct;35 Suppl 3:S17-22. doi: 10.1086/677822.
.
.
Keywords: Comparative Effectiveness, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Sepsis
Nair R, Thapaliya D, Su Y
Resistance to zinc and cadmium in Staphylococcus aureus of human and animal origin.
The investigators determined the prevalence of zinc and cadmium resistance in S. aureus isolated in the United States. They found that resistance to zinc and cadmium was observed to be associated with MRSA, suggesting that prolonged exposure to zinc in livestock feeds and fertilizers could propagate resistance to the metal ion, hindering the use of zinc-based topical agents in treating S. aureus infections.
AHRQ-funded; HS019966.
Citation: Nair R, Thapaliya D, Su Y .
Resistance to zinc and cadmium in Staphylococcus aureus of human and animal origin.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014 Oct;35 Suppl 3:S32-9. doi: 10.1086/677834.
.
.
Keywords: Medication, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Patel PA, Schora DM, Peterson KE
Performance of the Cepheid Xpert(R) SA Nasal Complete PCR assay compared to culture for detection of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization.
Conventional culture-based methods, including several chromogenic agars, are available for SA and MRSA surveillance but they can take several days and have reduced sensitivity compared to amplification assays. Overall, the Cepheid assay proved a rapid, sensitive, and clinically useful test for the early detection and differentiation of MRSA and MSSA colonization on patients.
AHRQ-funded; HS019968.
Citation: Patel PA, Schora DM, Peterson KE .
Performance of the Cepheid Xpert(R) SA Nasal Complete PCR assay compared to culture for detection of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014 Sep;80(1):32-4. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.05.019..
Keywords: Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Genetics, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Barnes SL, Morgan DJ, Harris AD
Preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms: modeling the relative importance of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning interventions.
The authors investigated the relative impact of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning in order to assess resource allocation. They concluded that hand hygiene should remain a priority for infection control programs, but environmental cleaning can have significant benefit for hospitals or individual hospital units that have either high hand hygiene compliance levels or low terminal cleaning thoroughness.
AHRQ-funded; HS018111.
Citation: Barnes SL, Morgan DJ, Harris AD .
Preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms: modeling the relative importance of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning interventions.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014 Sep;35(9):1156-62. doi: 10.1086/677632.
.
.
Keywords: Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Prevention
Harris AD, Pineles L, Belton B
Universal glove and gown use and acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the ICU: a randomized trial.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. It is unknown whether wearing gloves and gowns for all patient contact in the intensive care unit (ICU) decreases acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The purpose of this study was to assess whether wearing gloves and gowns for all patient contact in the ICU decreases acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) compared with usual care.
AHRQ-funded; HS018111; 290200600015.
Citation: Harris AD, Pineles L, Belton B .
Universal glove and gown use and acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the ICU: a randomized trial.
JAMA 2013 Oct 16;310(15):1571-80. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.277815..
Keywords: Patient Safety, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Hospitals, Prevention, Critical Care
Huang SS, Septimus E, Kleinman K
Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection.
In this pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial the authors compared targeted versus universal decolonization of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) as strategies for preventing health care-associated infections, particularly those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). They found that in routine ICU practice, universal decolonization was more effective than targeted decolonization or screening and isolation in reducing rates of MRSA clinical isolates and bloodstream infection from any pathogen.
AHRQ-funded; 290201000008I.
Citation: Huang SS, Septimus E, Kleinman K .
Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection.
N Engl J Med 2013 Jun 13;368(24):2255-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1207290..
Keywords: Comparative Effectiveness, Infectious Diseases, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient Safety, Prevention