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AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
26 to 50 of 82 Research Studies DisplayedMarin JR, Rodean J, Hall M
Trends in use of advanced imaging in pediatric emergency departments, 2009-2018.
This study looked at trends in advanced imaging use in pediatric emergency departments (ED) from 2009 to 2018. This cross-sectional study assessed 26,082,062 ED visits by children younger than 18 years from the Pediatric Health Information System administrative database. These visits were made by 9,868,406 children (mean [SD] age, 5.59 [5.15] years; 13,842,567 [53.1%] male; 9,273,181 [35.6%] non-Hispanic white) to 32 US pediatric EDs during the 10-year study period. Advanced imaging trends looked at were for computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Trends in ED length of stay after imaging was also examined. ED encounters increased from 6.4% in 2009 to 8.7% in 2018. There were increases for ultrasonography and MRIs, but rates decreased slightly for CT. Increased use of ultrasonography were for abdominal pain and appendectomy, and MRI for ventricular shunt procedures. The largest decreases in CT rates were for concussion, appendectomy, ventricular shunt procedures, and headaches.
AHRQ-funded; HS026006.
Citation: Marin JR, Rodean J, Hall M .
Trends in use of advanced imaging in pediatric emergency departments, 2009-2018.
JAMA Pediatr 2020 Sep;174(9):e202209. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2209..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Emergency Department, Imaging
Kraut AS, Sheehy L, Schnapp BH
Effect of resident physicians in a supervisory role on efficiency in the emergency department.
The authors sought to examine the impact of a staffing model involving a supervisory resident "pre-attending" (PAT) on emergency department (ED) throughput and length of stay (LOS). Over 26,000 unique patient encounters at a university-affiliated community ED were retrospectively analyzed. They found that the presence of a PAT is associated with a statistically significant increase in service time of five minutes, but this magnitude is likely operationally insignificant. They concluded that the negligible increase in service time is offset by the benefit to residents' training.
AHRQ-funded; HS024558.
Citation: Kraut AS, Sheehy L, Schnapp BH .
Effect of resident physicians in a supervisory role on efficiency in the emergency department.
West J Emerg Med 2020 Aug 24;21(5):1266-69. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.7.46587..
Keywords: Emergency Department, Education: Academic, Training
Mueller KL, Naganathan S, Griffey RT
Counseling on Access to Lethal Means-Emergency Department (CALM-ED): a quality improvement program for firearm injury prevention.
The authors evaluated the feasibility of the Counseling on Access to Lethal Means intervention in the Emergency Department (CALM-ED) by non-physician personnel. Their quality improvement study was conducted in an urban, academic ED with over 90,000 annual patient visits, and considered adult patients who were discharged after presenting to the ED with a suicidal crisis. They found that an ED-based CALM quality-improvement intervention was feasible for implementation by non-physician personnel and was well received by patients and families. They concluded that the intervention has the potential to help saves lives at times of suicide crisis.
AHRQ-funded; HS025052.
Citation: Mueller KL, Naganathan S, Griffey RT .
Counseling on Access to Lethal Means-Emergency Department (CALM-ED): a quality improvement program for firearm injury prevention.
West J Emerg Med 2020 Aug 20;21(5):1123-30. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.46952.
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Keywords: Emergency Department, Injuries and Wounds, Prevention, Quality Improvement, Quality of Care, Domestic Violence, Behavioral Health
Joshi RP, Pejaver V, Hammarlund NE
A predictive tool for identification of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative emergency department patients using routine test results.
This retrospective case-control study investigated whether the use of a prediction tool based on complete blood count results and patient sex can better allocate testing for SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing in hospital emergency departments. Participants were emergency department patients who had concurrent complete blood counts and SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing in Northern California, Seattle, Washington, Chicago Illinois, and South Korea. A hypothetical scenario of 1000 patients requiring testing was developed, but in this scenario testing resources are limited to 60% of patients. This tool would allow a 33% increase in properly allocated resources.
AHRQ-funded; HS026385.
Citation: Joshi RP, Pejaver V, Hammarlund NE .
A predictive tool for identification of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative emergency department patients using routine test results.
J Clin Virol 2020 Aug;129:104502. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104502..
Keywords: Emergency Department, COVID-19, Pneumonia, Respiratory Conditions, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Clinical Decision Support (CDS)
Kaiser SV, Johnson MD, Walls TA
Pathways to improve pediatric asthma care: a multisite, national study of emergency department asthma pathway implementation.
This quality improvement study’s aim was to determine the effects of pediatric asthma pathway implementation in a diverse, national sample of emergency departments (EDs). Desired outcomes included systemic corticosteroid administration within 60 minutes (primary), assessment of severity at ED triage, chest radiograph use, hospital admission or transfer for higher level of care, and ED length of stay. Charts were reviewed each month by EDs for children ages 2-17 years with a primary diagnosis of asthma. A total of 83 EDs were enrolled, with 37 of them children’s hospitals, and 46 community hospitals. Seventy-three percent completed the study (n = 22,963). There was a significant increase in systematic corticosteroid administration within 60 minutes of arrival as well as increased odds of severity assessment at triage and decreased rate of change in odds of hospital admission/transfer. Chest radiograph or ED length of stay was not associated with pathway implementation.
AHRQ-funded; HS024592.
Citation: Kaiser SV, Johnson MD, Walls TA .
Pathways to improve pediatric asthma care: a multisite, national study of emergency department asthma pathway implementation.
J Pediatr 2020 Aug;223:100-07.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.02.080..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Emergency Department, Asthma, Quality Improvement, Quality of Care, Care Management, Healthcare Delivery, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Evidence-Based Practice, Outcomes
Griffey RT, Schneider RM, Todorov AA
The emergency department trigger tool: a novel approach to screening for quality and safety events.
The goal of this study was to develop an automated version of a previously developed emergency department (ED) trigger tool to track the likelihood of an adverse event. Thirty triggers were associated with risk of harm. The authors identified 1,726 records out of 76,894 ED visits with greater than or equal to 1 trigger. They compared the results of the automated tool to the previous version and found it performed well. They began with a broad set of candidate triggers and validated a computerized query that eliminates the need for manual screening of triggers and also identified a refined set of triggers associated with adverse events in the ED.
AHRQ-funded; HS025052.
Citation: Griffey RT, Schneider RM, Todorov AA .
The emergency department trigger tool: a novel approach to screening for quality and safety events.
Ann Emerg Med 2020 Aug;76(2):230-40. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.07.032..
Keywords: Emergency Department, Patient Safety, Adverse Events, Medical Errors, Quality of Care, Risk
Zhu W, Patterson BW, Smith M
A Markov chain model for transient analysis of handoff process in emergency departments.
Transfer of care between multiple units or facilities is of significant importance for patient safety, care quality, and operation efficiency. Such transfers are often referred to as handoffs in hospitals, which need to be carried out timely, safely, and smoothly with accurate information. This paper introduced a Markov chain model to study the transients of handoff process in hospital emergency departments.
AHRQ-funded; HS026624.
Citation: Zhu W, Patterson BW, Smith M .
A Markov chain model for transient analysis of handoff process in emergency departments.
IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2020 Jul;5(3):4360-67. doi: 10.1109/lra.2020.2996066..
Keywords: Emergency Department, Hospitals, Transitions of Care, Healthcare Delivery, Patient Safety
Rising KL, Powell RE, Cameron KA
Development of the uncertainty communication checklist: a patient-centered approach to patient discharge from the emergency department.
Acad Med 2020 Jul;95(7):1026-34. doi: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003231.
AHRQ-funded; HS025651.
Citation: Rising KL, Powell RE, Cameron KA .
Development of the uncertainty communication checklist: a patient-centered approach to patient discharge from the emergency department.
Acad Med 2020 Jul;95(7):1026-34. doi: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003231..
Keywords: Patient-Centered Healthcare, Hospital Discharge, Emergency Department, Clinician-Patient Communication, Communication
Jaffe TA, Goldstein JN, Yun BJ
Impact of emergency department crowding on delays in acute stroke care.
This study examined the relationship between emergency department (ED) crowding and timely delivery of emergency stroke care. The authors prospectively collected data from their own institution’s Get with the Guidelines-Stroke registry to identify consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients who came to their urban academic ED from July 2016-August 2018. ED conditions were categorized as normal capacity, high ED crowding, and severe crowding. Of the 1379 patients presenting with ischemic stroke during the study period, 78% presented at normal, 15% during high ED crowding, and 7% during severe crowding times. Outcomes of interest were door-to-imaging (DIT) time. There were no significant delays in stroke care delivery associated with ED crowding.
AHRQ-funded; HS024561.
Citation: Jaffe TA, Goldstein JN, Yun BJ .
Impact of emergency department crowding on delays in acute stroke care.
West J Emerg Med 2020 Jul 8;21(4):892-99. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.45873..
Keywords: Emergency Department, Stroke, Cardiovascular Conditions, Healthcare Delivery, Quality of Care
Morris RS, Davis NJ, Koestner A
Redefining the trauma triage matrix: the role of emergent interventions.
In this retrospective study, researchers compared the effectiveness of the need for an emergent intervention within 6 h (NEI-6) with existing definitions. Using data from the Michigan Trauma Quality Improvement Program, they found that NEI-6 performs better than trauma triage matrix, need for trauma intervention, and secondary triage assessment tool in terms of under-triage, mortality and need for resource utilization. Other methods resulted in significantly more full-tiered trauma team activations than NEI-6 without identifying patients at risk for early mortality. They concluded that NEI-6 represents a novel tool to determine trauma activation appropriateness.
AHRQ-funded; HS026379.
Citation: Morris RS, Davis NJ, Koestner A .
Redefining the trauma triage matrix: the role of emergent interventions.
J Surg Res 2020 Jul;251:195-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.11.011..
Keywords: Trauma, Emergency Department, Healthcare Delivery
Schoenfeld EM, Houghton C, Patel PM
Shared decision making in patients with suspected uncomplicated ureterolithiasis: a decision aid development study.
The objective of this study was to develop a decision aid (DA) to facilitate shared decision making (SDM) around whether to obtain computed tomography (CT) imaging in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with suspected uncomplicated ureterolithiasis. Using stakeholder engagement and qualitative inquiry, the investigators developed their evidence-based DA. They indicated that future research will test the efficacy of the DA in facilitating SDM.
AHRQ-funded; HS025701.
Citation: Schoenfeld EM, Houghton C, Patel PM .
Shared decision making in patients with suspected uncomplicated ureterolithiasis: a decision aid development study.
Acad Emerg Med 2020 Jul;27(7):554-65. doi: 10.1111/acem.13917..
Keywords: Decision Making, Emergency Department, Imaging, Diagnostic Safety and Quality
Wallace AS, Luther B, Guo JW
Implementing a social determinants screening and referral infrastructure during routine emergency department visits, Utah, 2017-2018.
Emergency departments see a disproportionate share of low-income and uninsured patients. In this study, the investigators developed and evaluated a process for identifying social needs among emergency department patients, for facilitating access to community-based resources, and for integrating clinical and community-based data. They leveraged an academic-community partnership to develop a social needs screening tool and referral process.
AHRQ-funded; HS026505.
Citation: Wallace AS, Luther B, Guo JW .
Implementing a social determinants screening and referral infrastructure during routine emergency department visits, Utah, 2017-2018.
Prev Chronic Dis 2020 Jun 18;17:E45. doi: 10.5888/pcd17.190339..
Keywords: Social Determinants of Health, Emergency Department, Screening, Community-Based Practice, Community Partnerships
Fritz SA, Shapiro DJ, Hersh AL
National trends in incidence of purulent skin and soft tissue infections in patients presenting to ambulatory and emergency department settings, 2000-2015.
This study looked at national trends in the incidence of outpatient visits for skin infections from 2000-2015, which peaked in 2010-2013, followed by a plateau in 2014 and 2015. Cephalexin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic at the beginning of the study, with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole then becoming the most frequently prescribed by the end of the study period.
AHRQ-funded; HS021736; HS024269.
Citation: Fritz SA, Shapiro DJ, Hersh AL .
National trends in incidence of purulent skin and soft tissue infections in patients presenting to ambulatory and emergency department settings, 2000-2015.
Clin Infect Dis 2020 Jun 10;70(12):2715-18. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz977..
Keywords: Skin Conditions, Ambulatory Care and Surgery, Emergency Department, Antibiotics, Medication
Martsolf GR, Nuckols TK, Fingar KR
AHRQ Author: Stocks C, Owens PL
Nonspecific chest pain and hospital revisits within 7 days of care: variation across emergency department, observation and inpatient visits.
The purpose of this study was to compare the rate at which patients with nonspecific chest pain return to the hospital within 7 days after index observation visits versus after index emergency department and inpatient visits. Findings showed that up to 1 in 10 patients discharged with nonspecific chest pain returned to the hospital within 1week. Compared with emergency department and inpatient care, observation visits were associated with lower revisit rates. Recommendations include further research to refine clinical standards of care for nonspecific chest pain as well as to investigate the healthcare delivery and patient factors that influence 7-day revisit rates.
AHRQ-authored; AHRQ-funded; 290201300002C.
Citation: Martsolf GR, Nuckols TK, Fingar KR .
Nonspecific chest pain and hospital revisits within 7 days of care: variation across emergency department, observation and inpatient visits.
BMC Health Serv Res 2020 Jun 8;20(1):516. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05200-x..
Keywords: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Emergency Department, Pain, Healthcare Utilization, Hospitals, Heart Disease and Health, Cardiovascular Conditions
Burner E, Zhang M, Terp S
Feasibility and acceptability of a text message-based intervention to reduce overuse of alcohol in emergency department patients: controlled proof-of-concept trial.
The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of and patient satisfaction with a text-based mHealth extension of an emergency department (ED) screening program to reduce risky alcohol use in low-income, urban patients. A case-control study was designed using a SMS text message-capable phones to receive mROAD (mobilizing to Reduce Overuse of Alcohol in the ED), an SMS text message-based extension of the ED screening program. mROAD is a 7-day program of twice-daily SMS text messages based on the NIH Health Rethinking Drinking campaign. Of 1028 patients screened, 9.2% exhibited risky alcohol use based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in the ED. Almost a quarter of the patients did not have an SMS text-messaging capable phone, leaving 76% eligible patients. Changes in behavior were similar between the two groups. The number of drinking days reported in the prior 30 days decreased by 5 and the number of heavy drinking days decreased by 4.1. Patients reported an 11-point increase in motivation to change alcohol use via the Change Questionnaire.
AHRQ-funded; HS022402.
Citation: Burner E, Zhang M, Terp S .
Feasibility and acceptability of a text message-based intervention to reduce overuse of alcohol in emergency department patients: controlled proof-of-concept trial.
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020 Jun 4;8(6):e17557. doi: 10.2196/17557..
Keywords: Alcohol Use, Substance Abuse, Emergency Department, Telehealth, Health Information Technology (HIT), Screening, Prevention
Zachrison KS, Boggs KM, Hayden EM
A national survey of telemedicine use by US emergency departments.
Telemedicine has the potential to improve the delivery of emergency medical care: however, the extent of its adoption in United States (US) emergency departments is not known. The objectives of this study were to characterise the prevalence of telemedicine use among all US emergency departments, describe clinical applications for which it is most commonly used, and identify emergency department characteristics associated with its use.
AHRQ-funded; HS024561.
Citation: Zachrison KS, Boggs KM, Hayden EM .
A national survey of telemedicine use by US emergency departments.
J Telemed Telecare 2020 Jun;26(5):278-84. doi: 10.1177/1357633x18816112..
Keywords: Telehealth, Health Information Technology (HIT), Emergency Department, Healthcare Delivery, Hospitals
Freeman RE, Boggs KM, Zachrison KS
National study of telepsychiatry use in U.S. emergency departments.
This study examined the use of telepsychiatry in US emergency departments (EDs). A survey was conducted of all 5,375 US EDs in 2016. The survey found that about 20% reported receiving telepsychiatry. EDs that utilized telepsychiatry the most tended to have higher annual total visit volumes, rural location, and Critical Access Hospital designation. Autonomous freestanding EDs tended to have a lower likelihood of telepsychiatry use. The majority (59%) reported telepsychiatry as their only form of emergency psychiatric services and 25% received services at least once a day. The most common uses were admission or discharge decisions (80%) and transfer coordination (76%).
AHRQ-funded; HS024561.
Citation: Freeman RE, Boggs KM, Zachrison KS .
National study of telepsychiatry use in U.S. emergency departments.
Psychiatr Serv 2020 Jun;71(6):540-46. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900237..
Keywords: Emergency Department, Telehealth, Health Information Technology (HIT), Behavioral Health, Healthcare Utilization
Mueller EL, Jacob SA, Cochrane AR
Variation in hospital admission from the emergency department for children with cancer: a pediatric health information system study.
Children with cancer experience a wide range of conditions that require urgent evaluation in the emergency department (ED), yet variation in admission rates is poorly documented. In this study, the investigators performed a retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric Health Information System of ED encounters by children with cancer between July 2012 and June 2015. They concluded that the percentage of children with cancer admitted through the ED varied widely by institution and diagnosis.
AHRQ-funded; HS026390.
Citation: Mueller EL, Jacob SA, Cochrane AR .
Variation in hospital admission from the emergency department for children with cancer: a pediatric health information system study.
Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020 Jun;67(6):e28140. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28140..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Cancer, Emergency Department, Hospitalization
Jacob SA, Mueller EL, Cochrane AR
Variation in hospital admission of sickle cell patients from the emergency department using the pediatric health information system.
Investigators sought to determine the variation seen in hospitalizations for the top complaints for ED visits for children with sickle cell disease (SCD) nationally. Using data from the Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) Database, they found that pain and fever were the most common primary diagnoses for children with SCD who seek acute care; while significant variation in hospitalization exists, it is not associated with day of the week. They recommend further studies to elucidate patient- and hospital-level factors that influence admission variation.
AHRQ-funded; HS026390.
Citation: Jacob SA, Mueller EL, Cochrane AR .
Variation in hospital admission of sickle cell patients from the emergency department using the pediatric health information system.
Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020 Jun;67(6):e28067. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28067..
Keywords: Sickle Cell Disease, Emergency Department, Children/Adolescents, Hospitalization, Hospitals
Shang J, Russell D, Dowding D
A predictive risk model for infection-related hospitalization among home healthcare patients.
Infection prevention is a high priority for home healthcare (HHC), but tools are lacking to identify patients at highest risk of developing infections. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a predictive risk model to identify HHC patients at risk of an infection-related hospitalization or emergency department visit. A nonexperimental study using secondary data was conducted.
AHRQ-funded; HS024723.
Citation: Shang J, Russell D, Dowding D .
A predictive risk model for infection-related hospitalization among home healthcare patients.
J Healthc Qual 2020 May/Jun;42(3):136-47. doi: 10.1097/jhq.0000000000000214..
Keywords: Elderly, Home Healthcare, Infectious Diseases, Community-Acquired Infections, Risk, Hospitalization, Emergency Department
Hsuan C, Carr BG, Hsia RY
Assessment of hospital readmissions from the emergency department after implementation of Medicare's hospital readmissions reduction program.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether the Medicare Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) was associated with changes in the probability of readmission at emergency department (ED) visits after hospital discharge (ED revisits) overall and depending on whether admission is typically indicated for the patient's condition at the ED revisit. Using hospital and ED discharge data from California, Florida, and New York, findings suggested that implementation of the HRRP was associated with a lower likelihood of readmission for recently discharged patients presenting to the ED, specifically for congestive heart failure. These findings highlighted the critical role of the ED in readmission reduction under the HRRP and suggested that patient outcomes after HRRP implementation merit further study.
AHRQ-funded; HS025838.
Citation: Hsuan C, Carr BG, Hsia RY .
Assessment of hospital readmissions from the emergency department after implementation of Medicare's hospital readmissions reduction program.
JAMA Netw Open 2020 May;3(5):e203857. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3857..
Keywords: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Emergency Department, Hospital Readmissions, Hospital Discharge, Hospitals, Medicare
Chovatiya R, Silverberg JI
Association of pemphigus and pemphigoid with osteoporosis and pathological fractures.
Researchers sought to determine whether pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are associated with osteoporosis and fractures in the US. Subjects for this cross-sectional study included adults with pemphigus or with BP from the 2006-2012 National Emergency Department Sample. The researchers found that, when compared to BP, pemphigus was associated with higher odds of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures, particularly of the ulna and radius. Patients with pemphigus or BP as well as long-term systemic corticosteroid use had the highest odds of osteoporosis and fractures. The researchers suggested that patients with these conditions may benefit from increased screening for osteoporosis and interventions to prevent fractures.
AHRQ-funded; HS023011.
Citation: Chovatiya R, Silverberg JI .
Association of pemphigus and pemphigoid with osteoporosis and pathological fractures.
Arch Dermatol Res 2020 May;312(4):263-71. doi: 10.1007/s00403-019-02010-y..
Keywords: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Osteoporosis, Injuries and Wounds, Emergency Department
Kovalerchik O, Powers E, Holland ML
Differences in frequency of visits to pediatric primary care practices and emergency departments by body mass index.
The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine differences in utilization across health care settings among children by body mass index (BMI) categories to help identify opportunities for interventions. The authors concluded that the children's BMI categories were associated with health care utilization, specifically primary care visits, ED visits, and hospitalizations.
AHRQ-funded; HS024332.
Citation: Kovalerchik O, Powers E, Holland ML .
Differences in frequency of visits to pediatric primary care practices and emergency departments by body mass index.
Acad Pediatr 2020 May-Jun;20(4):532-39. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.12.011..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Primary Care, Emergency Department, Obesity, Healthcare Utilization
Johnson MD, Zorc JJ, Nelson DS
Intravenous magnesium in asthma pharmacotherapy: variability in use in the PECARN Registry.
Researchers examined the use, efficacy, and safety of intravenous magnesium sulfate (IVMg) in children with asthma whose emergency department (ED) management is recorded in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) Registry. They found that, in PECARN Registry EDs, administration of IVMg occurred late in ED treatment, for a minority of the children likely to benefit, with variation between sites, which suggested the current clinical role for IVMg in preventing hospitalization was limited. Discharge after IVMg administration would likely be safe. They recommended further research to assess the efficacy and safety of early IVMg administration.
AHRQ-funded; HS020270.
Citation: Johnson MD, Zorc JJ, Nelson DS .
Intravenous magnesium in asthma pharmacotherapy: variability in use in the PECARN Registry.
J Pediatr 2020 May;220:165-74.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.01.062..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Asthma, Medication, Emergency Department, Registries, Treatments, Patient Safety, Medication: Safety
Kim HS, Courtney DM, McCarthy DM
Patient-reported outcome measures in emergency care research: a primer for researchers, peer reviewers, and readers.
This review article introduces and defines key terminology relating to patient-reported outcomes (PROs), discusses reasons for utilizing PROs in clinical research, outlines basic psychometric and practical assessments that can be used to select a specific PRO measure, and highlights examples of commonly utilized PRO measures in emergency care research.
AHRQ-funded; HS023011.
Citation: Kim HS, Courtney DM, McCarthy DM .
Patient-reported outcome measures in emergency care research: a primer for researchers, peer reviewers, and readers.
Acad Emerg Med 2020 May;27(5):403-18. doi: 10.1111/acem.13918..
Keywords: Emergency Department, Research Methodologies