National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
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Search All Research Studies
AHRQ Research Studies Date
Topics
- Ambulatory Care and Surgery (2)
- Asthma (4)
- Cardiovascular Conditions (1)
- Children/Adolescents (3)
- Chronic Conditions (8)
- Clinical Decision Support (CDS) (1)
- Clinician-Patient Communication (1)
- COVID-19 (2)
- Diabetes (9)
- Digestive Disease and Health (1)
- Education: Patient and Caregiver (6)
- Elderly (2)
- Electronic Health Records (EHRs) (3)
- Evidence-Based Practice (1)
- Healthcare Costs (1)
- Health Information Technology (HIT) (9)
- Health Literacy (1)
- Home Healthcare (2)
- Hospital Discharge (1)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (2)
- Lifestyle Changes (2)
- Low-Income (3)
- Medical Devices (1)
- Medication (4)
- Medication: Safety (1)
- Pain (1)
- Patient-Centered Healthcare (1)
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research (2)
- Patient Adherence/Compliance (1)
- Patient Safety (1)
- (-) Patient Self-Management (25)
- Primary Care (1)
- Provider: Pharmacist (1)
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities (1)
- Rural Health (1)
- Social Determinants of Health (1)
- Stroke (1)
- Telehealth (4)
- Young Adults (1)
AHRQ Research Studies
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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
1 to 25 of 25 Research Studies DisplayedReistetter T, Hreha K, Dean JM
The pre-adaptation of a stroke-specific self-management program among older adults.
To understand the management of multimorbidity in aging stroke survivors and to examine the complex relationships between comorbidities, researchers used visual analytics to identify patient subgroup. Five significant subgroups of comorbidities such as obesity and cancer were identified. An interdisciplinary team constructed six vignettes that highlighted multimorbidity to customize a self-management program that fitted the needs of older adult stroke survivors.
AHRQ-funded; HS026133.
Citation: Reistetter T, Hreha K, Dean JM .
The pre-adaptation of a stroke-specific self-management program among older adults.
J Aging Health 2023 Oct; 35(9):632-42. doi: 10.1177/08982643231152520..
Keywords: Stroke, Cardiovascular Conditions, Elderly, Patient Self-Management
Hooper M, Reinhart M, Dusetzina SB
Trends in U.S. self-reported health and self-care behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in self-reported health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to examine trends in health-related behaviors that may be associated with the observed health changes. The researchers utilized an interrupted time series design stratified by age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, household income, and employment status. Health outcomes were self-reported by participants and included the number of days per month that respondents spent in poor mental health, physical health, or when poor health prevented their usual activities of daily living. The study found that the national rate of days spent in poor physical health decreased. The researchers also witnessed overall increases in average sleep hours per day, the percentage of adults who report any exercise activity, increased alcohol consumption days, and decreased prevalence of smoking.
AHRQ-funded; HS026395.
Citation: Hooper M, Reinhart M, Dusetzina SB .
Trends in U.S. self-reported health and self-care behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
PLoS One 2023 Sep 19; 18(9):e0291667. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291667..
Keywords: COVID-19, Patient Self-Management
Allende-Richter S, Benitez AD, Ramirez M
A patient portal intervention to promote adolescent and young adult self-management skills.
This study’s objective was to examine whether a patient portal educational intervention is acceptable and can improve adolescent and young adult (AYA) self-management skills toward transition readiness to adult care. The authors conducted a single site feasibility study using a mixed research method consisting of 1) a patient portal one-on-one educational intervention with pre- and postsurveys adapted from the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire to assess participant self-management skills and portal user activity; 2) a portal user experience that was assessed through semistructured interviews until thematic saturation was reached. Study participants were 13 to 25 years old and received care at an academic-affiliated community pediatric clinic, of whom 78 (60%) completed the pre- and post-surveys. Following the educational intervention, they observed an increase in participants self-reporting knowing how to access their protected health information and in the proportion of participants self-reporting to strongly agree to know their medication. They also observed an increase in portal user access at 3 weeks. The median number of logins was 2 per participant.
AHRQ-funded; HS000063.
Citation: Allende-Richter S, Benitez AD, Ramirez M .
A patient portal intervention to promote adolescent and young adult self-management skills.
Acad Pediatr 2023 Aug; 23(6):1252-58. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.02.003..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Young Adults, Patient Self-Management, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Health Information Technology (HIT)
Shannon EM, Mueller SK, Schnipper JL
Patient, caregiver, and clinician experience with a technologically enabled pillbox: a qualitative study.
The purpose of this study was to explore whether medication safety could be improved by the use of a technologically-enabled pillbox prescribed to patients at hospital discharge. The study included semi-structured telephone interviews with patients, patient caregivers, and inpatient and outpatient clinicians who participated in the Smart Pillbox Transition Study. The researchers utilized the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework to develop an interview guide, which included the a priori domains of 1) barriers to implementation, 2) facilitators of the intervention, and 3) general feedback regarding experience with the intervention. The study found patient-endorsed barriers in the theme of technology and tools included signal issues, inappropriate alarms, and portability. Barriers in the theme of logistics and tasks included coordination with pharmacists in the event of a prescription change. Barriers mentioned by clinicians included patients who were poor fits for the intervention and competing demands at discharge (under the themes of personnel and patients, and logistics and tasks, respectively). Facilitators that were reported often by patients and caregivers in the theme of technology and tools included useful alarms and ease of use. Clinicians reported that communication with pharmacy and study staff facilitated the intervention.
AHRQ-funded.
Citation: Shannon EM, Mueller SK, Schnipper JL .
Patient, caregiver, and clinician experience with a technologically enabled pillbox: a qualitative study.
ACI Open 2023 Jul; 7(2):e61-e70..
Keywords: Medication, Health Information Technology (HIT), Patient Self-Management, Hospital Discharge, Medication: Safety, Patient Safety
Wendel CL, LaPierre TA, Sullivan DL
"Anything that benefits the workers should benefit the client": opportunities and constraints in self-directed care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The purpose of this study was to assess how self-directed care (SDC) models reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic and to examine the impact of COVID-19 on Home and Community Based Services (HCBS) services in Kansas. The study found that self-directed consumers carried levels of employer responsibility with limited resources and systemic barriers contributing to unmet care needs, stress, and burden. Flexibilities in policies related to the hiring of family members were helpful, but inadequate to address working conditions lacking in resources and labor shortages that were amplified by the pandemic.
AHRQ-funded; HS028172.
Citation: Wendel CL, LaPierre TA, Sullivan DL .
"Anything that benefits the workers should benefit the client": opportunities and constraints in self-directed care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
J Appl Gerontol 2023 Apr; 42(4):7334648221143604. doi: 10.1177/07334648221143604.
Keywords: COVID-19, Patient Self-Management
Schnall R, Sanabria G, Jia R, Sanabria G, Jia H
Efficacy of an mHealth self-management intervention for persons living with HIV: the WiseApp randomized clinical trial.
This study’s objective was to determine the efficacy of WiseApp, a user-centered design mHealth intervention to improve antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and viral suppression in persons living with HIV (PLWH). This randomized case-control trial had two study arms: a randomized controlled efficacy trial arm (n = 99) and an attention control intervention arm (n = 101) among PLWH living in New York City. The authors found a significant improvement in ART adherence in the intervention arm compared to the attention control arm from day 1 (69.7% vs 48.3%) to day 59 (51.2% vs 37.2%) of the study period. From day 60 to 120, the intervention had higher but not statistically significant adherence rates. Secondary analyses showed no difference in change from baseline to 3 or 6 months between the 2 study arms.
AHRQ-funded; HS025071.
Citation: Schnall R, Sanabria G, Jia R, Sanabria G, Jia H .
Efficacy of an mHealth self-management intervention for persons living with HIV: the WiseApp randomized clinical trial.
J Am Med Inform Assoc 2023 Feb 16; 30(3):418-26. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocac233..
Keywords: Telehealth, Patient Self-Management, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Chronic Conditions, Health Information Technology (HIT)
Weiner M, Adeoye P, Boeh MJ
Continuous glucose monitoring and other wearable devices to assess hypoglycemia among older adult outpatients with diabetes mellitus.
The purpose of this study was to assess whether vulnerable older adults could use wearable devices, and explore Hypoglycemia frequency over a two week period. The researchers recruited 10 participants with diabetes mellitus to pilot test a continuous glucometer, physical activity monitor, electronic medication bottles, and smartphones which that provided prompts about medications, behaviors, and symptoms. A sample of 70 then wore glucometers and activity monitors and used the smartphone and bottles for a duration of 2 weeks and provided feedback. The study found that patients were interested in assistance with the interpretation of graphs, had challenges with keeping the glucometers attached. Nearly 23% of respondents indicated that they never check their blood sugars. In two weeks of monitoring, 73% had HG and 42% had serious, clinically significant HG.
AHRQ-funded; HS024384.
Citation: Weiner M, Adeoye P, Boeh MJ .
Continuous glucose monitoring and other wearable devices to assess hypoglycemia among older adult outpatients with diabetes mellitus.
Appl Clin Inform 2023 Jan; 14(1):37-44. doi: 10.1055/a-1975-4136..
Keywords: Elderly, Diabetes, Chronic Conditions, Ambulatory Care and Surgery, Patient Self-Management, Medical Devices
Quan J, Lee AK, Handley MA
Automated telephone self-management support for diabetes in a low-income health plan: a health care utilization and cost analysis.
The objective was to determine whether automated telephone self-management support for low-income, linguistically diverse health plan members with diabetes affects health care utilization or cost. It found no significant differences in emergency department visits and hospitalizations or in costs.
AHRQ-funded; HS020684; HS017261; HS022561.
Citation: Quan J, Lee AK, Handley MA .
Automated telephone self-management support for diabetes in a low-income health plan: a health care utilization and cost analysis.
Popul Health Manag 2015 Dec;18(6):412-20. doi: 10.1089/pop.2014.0154.
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Keywords: Diabetes, Chronic Conditions, Patient Self-Management, Low-Income, Healthcare Costs
Pillay J, Armstrong MJ, Butalia S
Behavioral programs for type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
The purpose of this review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of behavioral programs for patients with type 1 diabetes on behavioral, clinical, and health outcomes and to investigate factors that might moderate effect. It concluded that behavioral programs for type 1 diabetes offer some benefit for glycemic control, at least at short-term follow-up, but improvement for other outcomes has not been shown.
AHRQ-funded; 2902012000131.
Citation: Pillay J, Armstrong MJ, Butalia S .
Behavioral programs for type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ann Intern Med 2015 Dec 1;163(11):836-47. doi: 10.7326/m15-1399..
Keywords: Diabetes, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Patient Self-Management, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Lifestyle Changes, Chronic Conditions
Pillay J, Armstrong MJ, Butalia S
Behavioral programs for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
The purpose of this review was to identify factors moderating the effectiveness of behavioral programs for adults with type 2 diabetes. It concluded that diabetes self-management education offering 10 or fewer hours of contact with delivery personnel provided little benefit. Behavioral programs seem to benefit persons with suboptimal or poor glycemic control more than those with good control.
AHRQ-funded; 2902012000131.
Citation: Pillay J, Armstrong MJ, Butalia S .
Behavioral programs for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Ann Intern Med 2015 Dec 1;163(11):848-60. doi: 10.7326/m15-1400..
Keywords: Diabetes, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Patient Self-Management, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Lifestyle Changes, Chronic Conditions
Luo G, Stone BL, Fassl B
Predicting asthma control deterioration in children.
The researchers developed and tested the first set of models for predicting a child’s asthma control deterioration one week prior to occurrence. Their best model successfully predicted a child’s asthma control level one week ahead. With adequate accuracy, the model could be integrated into electronic asthma self-monitoring systems.
AHRQ-funded; HS018166; HS018678.
Citation: Luo G, Stone BL, Fassl B .
Predicting asthma control deterioration in children.
BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2015 Oct 14;15:84. doi: 10.1186/s12911-015-0208-9..
Keywords: Asthma, Children/Adolescents, Health Information Technology (HIT), Patient Self-Management
Cherrington AL, Agne AA, Lampkin Y
Diabetes Connect: developing a mobile health intervention to link diabetes community health workers with primary care.
The authors tested a model for the integration of a community health worker-delivered mobile health technology intervention to improve diabetes self-management. They found that the integration of mobile health technology into community health worker programs was successfully achieved and readily accepted.
AHRQ-funded; HS019465.
Citation: Cherrington AL, Agne AA, Lampkin Y .
Diabetes Connect: developing a mobile health intervention to link diabetes community health workers with primary care.
J Ambul Care Manage 2015 Oct-Dec;38(4):333-45. doi: 10.1097/jac.0000000000000110.
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Keywords: Education: Patient and Caregiver, Diabetes, Primary Care, Patient Self-Management, Telehealth
Rangachari P, Mehta R, Rethemeyer RK
Short or long end of the lever? Associations between provider communication of the "asthma-action plan" and outpatient revisits for pediatric asthma.
This study addresses the gap in understanding the extent of leverage that healthcare providers may have in preventing hospital revisits for asthma through effective communication of the Asthma-Action Plan (AAP) in the outpatient setting. The Children's Hospital of Georgia survey results suggest limited potential of effective provider communication of AAP in reducing outpatient revisits for pediatric asthma and indicate a need for broader community-based interventions to address patient life variables impacting self-management and hospital revisits for pediatric asthma.
AHRQ-funded; HS019785.
Citation: Rangachari P, Mehta R, Rethemeyer RK .
Short or long end of the lever? Associations between provider communication of the "asthma-action plan" and outpatient revisits for pediatric asthma.
J Hosp Adm 2015 Oct;4(5):26-39. doi: 10.5430/jha.v4n5p26.
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Keywords: Asthma, Children/Adolescents, Ambulatory Care and Surgery, Clinician-Patient Communication, Patient Self-Management
Ancker JS, Witteman HO, Hafeez B
"You get reminded you're a sick person": personal data tracking and patients with multiple chronic conditions.
The researchers’ aim was to explore the perspectives of individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) using a semistructured interview study. Their research questions were (1) How do individuals with MC track their own health and medical data? and (2) How do patients and providers perceive and use patient-tracked data? Their findings potentially explain relatively low adoption of consumer health information technology.
AHRQ-funded; HS021531.
Citation: Ancker JS, Witteman HO, Hafeez B .
"You get reminded you're a sick person": personal data tracking and patients with multiple chronic conditions.
J Med Internet Res 2015 Aug 19;17(8):e202. doi: 10.2196/jmir.4209..
Keywords: Chronic Conditions, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Health Information Technology (HIT), Patient Self-Management
Ratanawongsa N, Karter AJ, Quan J
Reach and validity of an objective medication adherence measure among safety net health plan members with diabetes: a cross-sectional study.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of continuous medication gap (CMG) for diverse, low-income managed care members with diabetes. It concluded that CMG demonstrated acceptable inclusiveness and validity in a diverse, low-income safety net population, comparable with its performance in studies among other insured populations.
AHRQ-funded; HS020684; HS022561; HS017261.
Citation: Ratanawongsa N, Karter AJ, Quan J .
Reach and validity of an objective medication adherence measure among safety net health plan members with diabetes: a cross-sectional study.
J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2015 Aug;21(8):688-98. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2015.21.8.688..
Keywords: Diabetes, Patient Adherence/Compliance, Patient Self-Management, Medication, Low-Income
Ancker JS, Witteman HO, Hafeez B
The invisible work of personal health information management among people with multiple chronic conditions: qualitative interview study among patients and providers.
The researchers conducted a semistructured interview study with 22 patients with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) with the objective of exploring their role in managing their personal health information. They concluded that personal health information management should be recognized as an additional burden that MCC places upon patients. Their findings suggest that both provider-centered and patient-centered information technologies will continue to be needed.
AHRQ-funded; HS021531.
Citation: Ancker JS, Witteman HO, Hafeez B .
The invisible work of personal health information management among people with multiple chronic conditions: qualitative interview study among patients and providers.
J Med Internet Res 2015 Jun 4;17(6):e137. doi: 10.2196/jmir.4381..
Keywords: Chronic Conditions, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Patient-Centered Healthcare, Health Information Technology (HIT), Patient Self-Management
Lepard MG, Joseph AL, Agne AA
Diabetes self-management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes living in rural areas: a systematic literature review.
The authors systematically reviewed the evidence for the impact of diabetes self-management education interventions designed for patients living in rural areas on glycemic control and other diabetes outcomes. They were able to identify examples of both telehealth interventions and face-to-face interventions that resulted in improved behavioral, biologic, and diabetes knowledge-related outcomes in adults with T2DM living in rural areas.
AHRQ-funded; HS019465.
Citation: Lepard MG, Joseph AL, Agne AA .
Diabetes self-management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes living in rural areas: a systematic literature review.
Curr Diab Rep 2015 Jun;15(6):608. doi: 10.1007/s11892-015-0608-3..
Keywords: Diabetes, Patient Self-Management, Rural Health, Telehealth, Health Information Technology (HIT)
Kuhn L, Reeves K, Taylor Y
Planning for action: the impact of an asthma action plan decision support tool integrated into an electronic health record (EHR) at a large health care system.
This project aimed to embed an electronic asthma action plan decision support tool (eAAP) into the medical record to streamline evidence-based guidelines for providers at the point of care, create individualized patient handouts, and evaluate effects on disease outcomes. Its findings supports existing evidence that patient self-management plays an important role in reducing asthma exacerbations.
AHRQ-funded; HS019946.
Citation: Kuhn L, Reeves K, Taylor Y .
Planning for action: the impact of an asthma action plan decision support tool integrated into an electronic health record (EHR) at a large health care system.
J Am Board Fam Med 2015 May-Jun;28(3):382-93. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2015.03.140248..
Keywords: Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Clinical Decision Support (CDS), Asthma, Patient Self-Management, Evidence-Based Practice
O'Leary K, Eschler J, Kendall L
Understanding design tradeoffs for health technologies: a mixed-methods approach.
The researchers introduced a mixed-methods approach for determining how people weigh tradeoffs in values related to health and technologies for health self-management. Their approach provided these key advantages: a structured health sciences theoretical framework to guide data collection and analysis; the coding of unstructured data with statistical patterns of polarizing and consensus views; and participants to actively weigh competing values that are most personally significant to them.
AHRQ-funded; HS021590.
Citation: O'Leary K, Eschler J, Kendall L .
Understanding design tradeoffs for health technologies: a mixed-methods approach.
Proc SIGCHI Conf Hum Factor Comput Syst 2015 Apr 18;2015:4151-60. doi: 10.1145/2702123.2702576.
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Keywords: Health Information Technology (HIT), Health Information Technology (HIT), Patient Self-Management
Fuji KT, Abbott AA, Galt KA
A qualitative study of how patients with type 2 diabetes use an electronic stand-alone personal health record.
The authors explored how patients with type 2 diabetes used a personal health record (PHR) to manage their diabetes-related health information for self-care. They found that, despite some potential positive benefits resulting from PHR use, several barriers inhibited sustained and effective use over time. They concluded that provider and patient education about the benefits of PHR use and about the potential for filling in information gaps in the provider-based record is key to engage patients and stimulate PHR adoption and use.
AHRQ-funded; HS018625.
Citation: Fuji KT, Abbott AA, Galt KA .
A qualitative study of how patients with type 2 diabetes use an electronic stand-alone personal health record.
Telemed J E Health 2015 Apr;21(4):296-300. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2014.0084.
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Keywords: Diabetes, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Patient Self-Management, Telehealth
Merlin JS, Walcott M, Kerns R
Pain self-management in HIV-infected individuals with chronic pain: a qualitative study.
The objective of this investigation is to develop an understanding of self-management strategies already used by persons living with these conditions. It found that the primary pain self-management strategies articulated by participants were: physical activity; cognitive and spiritual strategies; spending time with family and friends and social support; avoidance of physical/social activity; medication-centric pain management; and substance use.
AHRQ-funded; HS021694.
Citation: Merlin JS, Walcott M, Kerns R .
Pain self-management in HIV-infected individuals with chronic pain: a qualitative study.
Pain Med 2015 Apr;16(4):706-14. doi: 10.1111/pme.12701..
Keywords: Chronic Conditions, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Pain, Patient Self-Management
Wellman BR, Frail CK, Zillich AJ
Pharmacists' experiences with a telephonic medication therapy management program for home health care patients.
This qualitative study involved interviewing four pharmacists on their experiences with a telephone medication therapy management (MTM) program. Several themes emerged from the analysis, including: communication and relationships, coordinating care and patient self-management, logistics, professional fulfillment, service delivery and content, and training opportunities. The researchers concluded that their study provides possible strategies to overcome barriers and facilitate service provision for future telephonic MTM services.
AHRQ-funded; HS022119.
Citation: Wellman BR, Frail CK, Zillich AJ .
Pharmacists' experiences with a telephonic medication therapy management program for home health care patients.
Consult Pharm 2015 Mar;30(3):163-74. doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2015.163..
Keywords: Home Healthcare, Medication, Provider: Pharmacist, Patient Self-Management
Ejebe IH, Jacobs EA, Wisk LE
Persistent differences in asthma self-efficacy by race, ethnicity, and income in adults with asthma.
The objective of this population-based study was to determine if and to what extent there are differences in asthma self-efficacy by race/ethnicity and income, and whether health status, levels of acculturation, and health care factors may explain these differences. It found that racial/ethnic minorities and individuals living in poverty have the lowest levels of asthma self-efficacy.
AHRQ-funded; HS000063.
Citation: Ejebe IH, Jacobs EA, Wisk LE .
Persistent differences in asthma self-efficacy by race, ethnicity, and income in adults with asthma.
J Asthma 2015 Feb;52(1):105-13. doi: 10.3109/02770903.2014.947429..
Keywords: Asthma, Patient Self-Management, Social Determinants of Health, Low-Income, Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Dorn SD, Palsson OS, Woldeghebriel M
Development and pilot testing of an integrated, web-based self-management program for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
The researchers developed, assessed, and refined an integrated IBS self-management program (IBS Self-care) and then conducted a 12-week pilot test. They found that the IBS Self-Care program was well received by users who after 12 weeks reported improved knowledge about IBS, but no significant changes in self-efficacy or quality of life.
AHRQ-funded; HS019468.
Citation: Dorn SD, Palsson OS, Woldeghebriel M .
Development and pilot testing of an integrated, web-based self-management program for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015 Jan;27(1):128-34. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12487..
Keywords: Patient Self-Management, Health Literacy, Education: Patient and Caregiver, Digestive Disease and Health
Casper GR, Flatley Brennan P, Perreault JO
vizHOME--a context-based home assessment: preliminary implications for informatics.
The focus of this paper is on the first phase of the vizHOME study, specifically on the exploration and documentation of the individual’s performance of self-management tasks including such things as medication management and use of a monitoring device. The researchers learned from the participants that while the tools may perform satisfactorily in usability assessment, they may not meet the needs of many users.
AHRQ-funded; HS022548.
Citation: Casper GR, Flatley Brennan P, Perreault JO .
vizHOME--a context-based home assessment: preliminary implications for informatics.
Stud Health Technol Inform 2015;216:842-6..
Keywords: Diabetes, Patient Self-Management, Home Healthcare, Health Information Technology (HIT), Medication