Improving Care Delivery Through Lean: Implementation Case Studies

Factors	Categories	Total projects
Analytic perspective	Prospective—a project beginning within 1 month of the first site visit Retrospective—a project that has been completed in the last 1 year, preferably within the last 6-8 months	N = 9 N = 4
Target (unit / department)	None	Inpatient unit: N = 2 Cardiology: N = 1 Outpatient clinic: N = 3 Emergency department: N = 2 System-wide: N = 2 Surgery: N = 3
Clinical	Administrative (e.g., billing, scheduling) Clinical (e.g., inpatient, cardiology, surgery) Clinical support services (e.g., lab services, radiology, pharmacy)	N= 2 N= 8 N= 3
Level of complexity and uncertainty in work	Low = involving a single dimension of the organization with activities following in an established, unchanging sequence with minimal degree of professional autonomy and judgment required to complete the work High = activities that do not follow a consistent sequence and may involve multiple dimensions of the organization with a high degree of professional autonomy and judgment required to complete the work	N= 4 N= 9
Lean implementation focus	Targeted quality improvement Diffusion across organization or entities Transformative	N= 7 N= 5 N= 1
Primary care setting roll-out	Yes = implementation of Lean in the primary care setting No = implementation of Lean is not being conducted in the primary care setting	N= 3 N= 10
Timing	Able to be studied within the scope and timeline of this study Not able to be studied within scope and timeline of this study	N= 13 N= 0

*Note one project is still to be determined.

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