National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
Latest available findings on quality of and access to health care
Data
- Data Infographics
- Data Visualizations
- Data Tools
- Data Innovations
- All-Payer Claims Database
- Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)
- Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
- AHRQ Quality Indicator Tools for Data Analytics
- State Snapshots
- United States Health Information Knowledgebase (USHIK)
- Data Sources Available from AHRQ
Search All Research Studies
AHRQ Research Studies Date
Topics
- Arthritis (1)
- Back Health and Pain (1)
- Behavioral Health (1)
- Cancer (7)
- Cancer: Breast Cancer (5)
- Cancer: Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Cancer: Lung Cancer (1)
- Cancer: Prostate Cancer (3)
- Cardiovascular Conditions (2)
- Caregiving (1)
- Case Study (1)
- Children/Adolescents (3)
- Chronic Conditions (3)
- Clinical Decision Support (CDS) (7)
- Clinician-Patient Communication (4)
- Communication (2)
- Comparative Effectiveness (3)
- Data (3)
- Dementia (1)
- Diabetes (1)
- Diagnostic Safety and Quality (2)
- Disparities (2)
- Education: Patient and Caregiver (2)
- Elderly (2)
- Evidence-Based Practice (15)
- Guidelines (3)
- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) (1)
- Healthcare Costs (4)
- Healthcare Delivery (2)
- Health Information Technology (HIT) (6)
- Health Status (1)
- Heart Disease and Health (4)
- Hospitalization (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Implementation (1)
- Labor and Delivery (1)
- Medical Devices (1)
- Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (1)
- Medication (4)
- Men's Health (1)
- Mortality (2)
- Neurological Disorders (2)
- Opioids (1)
- Orthopedics (3)
- Outcomes (5)
- Pain (1)
- Palliative Care (1)
- Patient-Centered Healthcare (9)
- (-) Patient-Centered Outcomes Research (53)
- Patient and Family Engagement (6)
- Patient Experience (2)
- Patient Self-Management (1)
- Primary Care (1)
- Provider (1)
- Provider: Physician (1)
- Quality Improvement (1)
- Quality of Life (4)
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities (3)
- Registries (2)
- Research Methodologies (2)
- Risk (1)
- Screening (1)
- (-) Shared Decision Making (53)
- Sickle Cell Disease (1)
- Social Determinants of Health (2)
- Stroke (1)
- Surgery (6)
- Transplantation (2)
- Treatments (1)
- Women (2)
AHRQ Research Studies
Sign up: AHRQ Research Studies Email updates
Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by AHRQ or authored by AHRQ researchers.
Results
26 to 50 of 53 Research Studies DisplayedWilbanks J
Design issues in e-consent.
Informed consent has not been implemented as a relationship, but instead as a single-point transaction that must be completed in order to enroll participants. This paper discusses e-consent and notes that it is an opportunity to: truly inform research participants about clinical protocols; provide a meaningful choice architecture to support a potential participant’s decision making about whether or not to enroll; and serve as the beginning of an ongoing ethical relationship with study participants.
AHRQ-funded; HS022789.
Citation: Wilbanks J .
Design issues in e-consent.
J Law Med Ethics 2018 Mar;46(1):110-18. doi: 10.1177/1073110518766025..
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Health Information Technology (HIT), Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Research Methodologies
Greenhawt M, Oppenheimer JJ
Is the better part of valor truly discretion?
The authors argue that the current model for managing peanut allergy is broken, and this fracture is hallmarked by the rapid increase in poor quality of life and poor empowerment of patients. The risk of fatality is often overblown in the face of data that suggest food allergy fatality is exceedingly low. However, the horizon is bright for future therapies and additional risk modeling, which can better arm decision making and means to inform patients about how to personalize management of their food allergy going forward.
AHRQ-funded; HS024599.
Citation: Greenhawt M, Oppenheimer JJ .
Is the better part of valor truly discretion?
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 Feb;120(2):111-12. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.11.003.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Mortality, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Patient Self-Management, Quality of Life
Arcia A, Woollen J, Bakken S
A systematic method for exploring data attributes in preparation for designing tailored infographics of patient reported outcomes.
Tailored visualizations of patient reported outcomes (PROs) are valuable health communication tools to support shared decision making, health self-management, and engagement with research participants, such as cohorts in the NIH Precision Medicine Initiative. The authors of the study present a systematic method to exploring data attributes, with a specific focus on application to self-reported health data. They present two case studies to illustrate how this method affected design decisions particularly with respect to outlier and non-missing zero values.
AHRQ-funded; HS019853; HS022961.
Citation: Arcia A, Woollen J, Bakken S .
A systematic method for exploring data attributes in preparation for designing tailored infographics of patient reported outcomes.
eGEMS 2018 Jan 24;6(1):2. doi: 10.5334/egems.190..
Keywords: Communication, Shared Decision Making, Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Outcomes, Data
Maas MB, Francis BA, Sangha RS
Refining prognosis for intracerebral hemorrhage by early reassessment.
The researchers compared the accuracy of a widely used prognostic score against a model derived from clinical data obtained 5 days after admission for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a condition for which prognostication has proven notoriously challenging and prone to bias. They found that a simple reassessment after 5 days of care significantly improves the accuracy of prognosticating outcome in patients with ICH.
AHRQ-funded; HS023437.
Citation: Maas MB, Francis BA, Sangha RS .
Refining prognosis for intracerebral hemorrhage by early reassessment.
Cerebrovasc Dis 2017;43(3-4):110-16. doi: 10.1159/000452679.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Diagnostic Safety and Quality, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Iyer AS, Bakitas M
Early palliative care in advanced illness: do right by mama.
This letter describes a case study where the doctor and the family decided not to do aggressive treatment on their mother in her 80’s with metastatic lung cancer and pneumonia. After describing the intubation procedure and the use of mechanical ventilation, the family decided that palliative care was the best option. The doctor emphasizes the use of palliative care as the best outcome for many terminally ill patients.
AHRQ-funded; HS023009; HS013852.
Citation: Iyer AS, Bakitas M .
Early palliative care in advanced illness: do right by mama.
JAMA Intern Med 2017 Jun;177(6):761-62. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0764.
.
.
Keywords: Cancer, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Case Study, Shared Decision Making, Elderly, Palliative Care, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
LeRouge C, Hasselquist MB, Kellogg L
Using heuristic evaluation to enhance the visual display of a provider dashboard for patient-reported outcomes.
A human-centered design (HCD) approach to understanding the data visualization needs for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) in clinical practice can optimize the visual design of an interactive PRO system. Beyond iterative methods, the authors explored the additive value of other HCD methods such as heuristic evaluation. Their evaluation led to several recommendations to improve the display, accessibility, and interpretability of the dashboard’s data.
AHRQ-funded; HS023785.
Citation: LeRouge C, Hasselquist MB, Kellogg L .
Using heuristic evaluation to enhance the visual display of a provider dashboard for patient-reported outcomes.
eGEMS 2017 Apr 20;5(2):Article 6. doi: 10.13063/2327-9214.1283.
.
.
Keywords: Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Health Information Technology (HIT), Data, Shared Decision Making
Spatz ES, Krumholz HM, Moulton BW
Prime time for shared decision making.
To guide the implementation of high-quality and achievable shared decision making, policy makers and health systems may consider the following key steps: 1) clearly define shared decision making; 2) certify decision aids and provide incentives for their evaluation and maintenance; 3) promote competency in shared decision making; 4) develop measures of shared decisionmaking; and 5) foster a culture of shared decisionmaking through easy additions to work flow and positive incentives.
AHRQ-funded; HS023000.
Citation: Spatz ES, Krumholz HM, Moulton BW .
Prime time for shared decision making.
JAMA 2017 Apr;317(13):1309-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.0616.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Clinician-Patient Communication, Patient and Family Engagement, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Lindly OJ, Zuckerman KE, Mistry KB
AHRQ Author: Mistry KB
Clarifying the predictive value of family-centered care and shared decision making for pediatric healthcare outcomes using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
The researchers estimated (1) family-centered care (FCC) and shared decision-making (SDM) prevalence, and (2) associations of FCC and SDM (FCC/SDM) with health care outcomes among U.S. children. FCC/SDM prevalence in year 1 varied from 38.6 to 93.7 percent, and it was lower for composites with more stringent scoring approaches. FCC/SDM composites with stringent scoring approaches in year 1 were associated with reduced unmet needs in year 2.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Lindly OJ, Zuckerman KE, Mistry KB .
Clarifying the predictive value of family-centered care and shared decision making for pediatric healthcare outcomes using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
Health Serv Res 2017 Feb;52(1):313-45. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12488.
.
.
Keywords: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), Shared Decision Making, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Children/Adolescents, Healthcare Costs
Makam AN, Nguyen OK
An evidence-based medicine approach to antihyperglycemic therapy in diabetes mellitus to overcome overtreatment.
This article discusses the importance of (1) using absolute rather than relative estimates of benefits to inform treatment decisions; (2) considering the time horizon to benefit of treatments; (3) balancing potential harms and benefits; and (4) using shared decision making by physicians to incorporate the patient's values and preferences into treatment decisions.
AHRQ-funded; HS022418.
Citation: Makam AN, Nguyen OK .
An evidence-based medicine approach to antihyperglycemic therapy in diabetes mellitus to overcome overtreatment.
Circulation 2017 Jan 10;135(2):180-95. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.022622.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Diabetes, Evidence-Based Practice, Patient and Family Engagement, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Krakovitz PR, Boss EF
Intraoperative nerve monitoring during thyroidectomy-more complex than cost alone.
This brief invited commentary discussed intraoperative nerve monitoring and surgery.
AHRQ-funded; HS022932.
Citation: Krakovitz PR, Boss EF .
Intraoperative nerve monitoring during thyroidectomy-more complex than cost alone.
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016 Dec;142(12):1206-07. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2016.3116.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Healthcare Costs, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Quality of Life, Surgery
Kantor R, Dalal P, Cella D
Research letter: Impact of pruritus on quality of life-a systematic review.
This systematic review was designed to identify all review articles and qualitative or mixed methods studies pertaining to the impact of pruritus on quality of life. It concluded that the lack of concordance between qualitative studies and review articles suggests there are practice gaps with how pruritus is evaluated and managed.
AHRQ-funded; HS023011.
Citation: Kantor R, Dalal P, Cella D .
Research letter: Impact of pruritus on quality of life-a systematic review.
J Am Acad Dermatol 2016 Nov;75(5):885-86.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.07.016.
.
.
Keywords: Quality of Life, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Shared Decision Making
Tyler Ellis C, Charlton ME, Stitzenberg KB
Patient-reported roles, preferences, and expectations regarding treatment of stage i rectal cancer in the cancer care outcomes research and surveillance consortium.
The researchers identified patient roles, preferences, and expectations as they relate to treatment decision making for patients with stage I rectal cancer. They found that, in this study of 154 adults with newly-diagnosed and surgically treated stage 1 rectal cancer, the preferred decision-making role for patients did not match the actual decision-making process. They recommended that future efforts focus on bridging the gap between the decision-making process and patient preferences regarding various treatment approaches.
AHRQ-funded; HS000032.
Citation: Tyler Ellis C, Charlton ME, Stitzenberg KB .
Patient-reported roles, preferences, and expectations regarding treatment of stage i rectal cancer in the cancer care outcomes research and surveillance consortium.
Dis Colon Rectum 2016 Oct;59(10):907-15. doi: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000000662.
.
.
Keywords: Cancer: Colorectal Cancer, Shared Decision Making, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Patient Experience, Patient and Family Engagement
Kostick KM, Minard CG, Wilhelms LA
Development and validation of a patient-centered knowledge scale for left ventricular assist device placement.
The authors presented a comprehensive and valid methodology for developing a clinically informed and patient-centered measure of knowledge about left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy to facilitate discussion and measure candidate understanding of treatment options. They concluded that the LVAD knowledge scale may be useful in clinical settings to identify gaps in knowledge among patient candidates considering LVAD treatment; to better tailor education and discussion with patients and their caregivers; and to enhance informed decision-making before treatment decisions are made.
AHRQ-funded; HS024849.
Citation: Kostick KM, Minard CG, Wilhelms LA .
Development and validation of a patient-centered knowledge scale for left ventricular assist device placement.
J Heart Lung Transplant 2016 Jun;35(6):768-76. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.015.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Heart Disease and Health, Medical Devices, Patient and Family Engagement, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Peek ME, Lopez FY, Williams HS
Development of a conceptual framework for understanding shared decision making among African-American LGBT patients and their clinicians.
The purpose of this review was to understand how race, sexual orientation and gender identity can simultaneously influence shared decision making (SDM) among African-American LGBT persons. It also presents a conceptual model for understanding SDM in African-American LGBT persons, wherein multiple systems of social stratification (e.g., race, gender, sexual orientation) influence patient and provider perceptions, behaviors, and shared decision making.
AHRQ-funded; HS023050.
Citation: Peek ME, Lopez FY, Williams HS .
Development of a conceptual framework for understanding shared decision making among African-American LGBT patients and their clinicians.
J Gen Intern Med 2016 Jun;31(6):677-87. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3616-3.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Social Determinants of Health, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Chin MH, Lopez FY, Nathan AG
Improving shared decision making with LGBT racial and ethnic minority patients.
In 2014, the authors' team at the University of Chicago, supported by funds from AHRQ and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund, began examining how to reduce disparities for LGBT racial/ethnic minority patients through improved shared decisionmaking (SDM). Their three goals are to review what is known, to perform interviews and focus groups of patients and clinicians, and to develop tools and resources. The three articles in this issue’s JGIM symposium on "Improving Shared Decision Making with LGBT Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients" reflect their initial foundational work.
AHRQ-funded; HS023050.
Citation: Chin MH, Lopez FY, Nathan AG .
Improving shared decision making with LGBT racial and ethnic minority patients.
J Gen Intern Med 2016 Jun;31(6):591-3. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3607-4.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Disparities, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Lavallee DC, Chenok KE, Love RM
Incorporating patient-reported outcomes into health care to engage patients and enhance care.
The authors examine the opportunities for using patient-reported outcomes to enhance care delivery and outcomes as health care information needs and technology platforms change. They highlight emerging practices in which patient-reported outcomes provide value to patients and clinicians and improve care delivery. Finally, they examine present and future challenges to maximizing the use of patient-reported outcomes in the clinic.
AHRQ-funded; HS022789.
Citation: Lavallee DC, Chenok KE, Love RM .
Incorporating patient-reported outcomes into health care to engage patients and enhance care.
Health Aff 2016 Apr;35(4):575-82. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1362.
.
.
Keywords: Healthcare Delivery, Shared Decision Making, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Patient and Family Engagement, Quality Improvement
Marshall DA, Burgos-Liz L, Pasupathy KS
Transforming healthcare delivery: integrating dynamic simulation modelling and big data in health economics and outcomes research.
The authors discussed the synergies between big data and dynamic simulation modelling (DSM), practical considerations and challenges, and how integrating big data and DSM can be useful to decision makers to address complex, systemic health economics and outcomes questions and to transform healthcare delivery.
AHRQ-funded; HS023710.
Citation: Marshall DA, Burgos-Liz L, Pasupathy KS .
Transforming healthcare delivery: integrating dynamic simulation modelling and big data in health economics and outcomes research.
Pharmacoeconomics 2016 Feb;34(2):115-26. doi: 10.1007/s40273-015-0330-7.
.
.
Keywords: Data, Shared Decision Making, Healthcare Delivery, Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Roth JA, Ramsey SD, Carlson JJ
Cost-effectiveness of a biopsy-based 8-protein prostate cancer prognostic assay to optimize treatment decision making in Gleason 3 + 3 and 3 + 4 early stage prostate cancer.
A novel 8-protein prognostic assay generates a risk score at time of biopsy that is predictive of prostate cancer aggressiveness and can inform treatment decisions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using the assay to inform treatment decisions compared with usual care. The 8-protein assay strategy resulted in 0.04 more quality-adjusted life years and $700 less in costs compared with usual care.
AHRQ-funded; HS022982.
Citation: Roth JA, Ramsey SD, Carlson JJ .
Cost-effectiveness of a biopsy-based 8-protein prostate cancer prognostic assay to optimize treatment decision making in Gleason 3 + 3 and 3 + 4 early stage prostate cancer.
Oncologist 2015 Dec;20(12):1355-64. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0214.
.
.
Keywords: Cancer, Cancer: Prostate Cancer, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Healthcare Costs, Shared Decision Making
Yi H, Xiao T, Thomas PS
Barriers and facilitators to patient-provider communication when discussing breast cancer risk to aid in the development of decision support tools.
The investigators identified barriers and facilitators to patient-provider communication when discussing breast cancer risk to aid in the development of decision support tools. They found that barriers barriers are time constraints, lack of knowledge, low health literacy, and language barriers, and that facilitators are information needs, desire for personalization, and autonomy when communicating risk in patient-provider encounters. These results will inform the development of a patient-centered decision aid (RealRisks) and a provider-facing breast cancer risk navigation (BNAV) tool.
AHRQ-funded; HS019313.
Citation: Yi H, Xiao T, Thomas PS .
Barriers and facilitators to patient-provider communication when discussing breast cancer risk to aid in the development of decision support tools.
AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2015 Nov 5;2015:1352-60.
.
.
Keywords: Cancer: Breast Cancer, Shared Decision Making, Patient-Centered Healthcare, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Clinician-Patient Communication
Turner JA, Comstock BA, Standaert CJ
Can patient characteristics predict benefit from epidural corticosteroid injections for lumbar spinal stenosis symptoms?
The study’s aim was to identify patient characteristics associated with benefits from epidural injections of corticosteroid with lidocaine versus epidural injections of lidocaine only for lumbar spinal stenosis symptoms. It found that among 21 baseline patient characteristics examined, none, including clinician rated spinal stenosis severity, were consistent predictors of benefit from epidural injections of lidocain corticosteroid versus lidocaine only.
AHRQ-funded; HS019222; HS022972.
Citation: Turner JA, Comstock BA, Standaert CJ .
Can patient characteristics predict benefit from epidural corticosteroid injections for lumbar spinal stenosis symptoms?
Spine J 2015 Nov;15(11):2319-31. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.06.050..
Keywords: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Shared Decision Making, Medication, Back Health and Pain, Chronic Conditions
Whicher DM, Miller JE, Dunham KM
Gatekeepers for pragmatic clinical trials.
The authors provided a framework to help guide gatekeepers' decision-making related to the use of resources for pragmatic clinical trials. They stated that recognition of the complex set of considerations that should inform decision-making will guide gatekeepers in making justifiable choices regarding the use of limited and valuable resources.
AHRQ-funded; HS000029.
Citation: Whicher DM, Miller JE, Dunham KM .
Gatekeepers for pragmatic clinical trials.
Clin Trials 2015 Oct;12(5):442-8. doi: 10.1177/1740774515597699.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Evidence-Based Practice, Comparative Effectiveness, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Research Methodologies
El-Jawahri A, Mitchell SL, Paasche-Orlow MK
A randomized controlled trial of a CPR and intubation video decision support tool for hospitalized patients.
The researchers examined the impact of a video decision tool for CPR and intubation on patients’ choices, knowledge, medical orders, and discussions with providers. They found that seriously ill patients who viewed a video about CPR and intubation were more likely not to want these treatments, be better informed about their options, have orders to forgo CPR/ intubation, and discuss preferences with providers.
AHRQ-funded; HS018780.
Citation: El-Jawahri A, Mitchell SL, Paasche-Orlow MK .
A randomized controlled trial of a CPR and intubation video decision support tool for hospitalized patients.
J Gen Intern Med 2015 Aug;30(8):1071-80. doi: 10.1007/s11606-015-3200-2..
Keywords: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Clinical Decision Support (CDS), Shared Decision Making, Clinician-Patient Communication
Tamirisa NP, Sheffield KM, Parmar AD
Surgeon and facility variation in the use of minimally invasive breast biopsy in Texas.
The researchers aimed to determine the variation in use attributable to the surgeon and facility and determine the patient, surgeon, and facility characteristics associated with the use of minimally invasive breast biopsy (MIBB). They found that lower surgeon and facility volume, longer surgeon years in practice, and smaller facility bed size were associated with lower rates of MIBB use.
AHRQ-funded; HS022134.
Citation: Tamirisa NP, Sheffield KM, Parmar AD .
Surgeon and facility variation in the use of minimally invasive breast biopsy in Texas.
Ann Surg 2015 Jul;262(1):171-8. doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000883..
Keywords: Cancer: Breast Cancer, Shared Decision Making, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Surgery
Eapen ZJ, McCoy LA, Fonarow CG
Utility of socioeconomic status in predicting 30-day outcomes after heart failure hospitalization.
The researchers investigated whether accounting for socioeconomic status (SES) can improve risk-adjusted models for 30-day outcomes among CMS beneficiaries hospitalized with heart failure. They found that county-level SES data are modestly associated with 30-day outcomes but do not improve risk adjustment models based on patient characteristics alone.
AHRQ-funded; HS021092.
Citation: Eapen ZJ, McCoy LA, Fonarow CG .
Utility of socioeconomic status in predicting 30-day outcomes after heart failure hospitalization.
Circ Heart Fail 2015 May;8(3):473-80. doi: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001879.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Heart Disease and Health, Hospitalization, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Social Determinants of Health
Friedant AJ, Gouse BM, Boehme AK
A simple prediction score for developing a hospital-acquired infection after acute ischemic stroke.
The authors sought to develop a simple scoring system for any hospital-acquired infection (HAI). Ranging from 0 to 7, the overall infection score consists of age 70 years or more, history of diabetes, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. Patients with an infection score of 4 or more were at 5 times greater odds of developing an infection. They concluded that, if validated in other populations, this score could assist providers in predicting infections after ischemic stroke.
AHRQ-funded; HS013852.
Citation: Friedant AJ, Gouse BM, Boehme AK .
A simple prediction score for developing a hospital-acquired infection after acute ischemic stroke.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015 Mar;24(3):680-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.11.014.
.
.
Keywords: Shared Decision Making, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Risk, Stroke